词法|08 介词

8.1 介词的特点和种类

[!NOTE] 介词的特点

1)介词的宾语(用在介词后):介词不能独立使用,在介词后面必须带有宾语。其宾语形式主要是名词,另外还有相当于名词的成分,比如代词、数词、动词或动名词短语及名词性从句。

2)与介词搭配的词(用在介词前):与介词连用,置于介词前面的词主要有动词(如depend on)、名词(如 pay attention to)和形容词(如be kind to)。

3)介词是英语词类中的一种虚词,不能独立在句中充当句子成分。但介词与其宾语一起构成介词短语以后,就可以在句中充当多种句子成分。可以作主语、补足语、定语和状语等。

4)介词的作用: 从以上得知,介词是把名词(或相当于名词的成分)与动词、形容词或其他名词联系起来,以表示前后词语之间的关系。

[!NOTE] 介词的种类

(1)简单介词(simple preposition):词形单一的介词

at, by, for, from, in, near, of, off, on

(2)复合介词(compound preposition)

1)由两个简单介词连在一起固定构成的介词
inside, into, onto, outside, throughout, upon, within, without

2)由两个介词搭配连用的介词
from above, from behind, from beneath, from under, until after, except for
a. Until after World War II, the new science was neglected.

(3)短语介词(phrasal preposition)

短语介词主要是由名词与介词构成的。
at the cost of, at the mercy of, at odds with, by means of, by reason of, by virtue of
by way of, in place of, in favor of, in spite of, with an eye to
另外表示“关于···”的有:
in/with reference to, in/with respect to, in/with regard to

定义:是一种虚词,用来表示名词与句子其他成分的关系,不能单独使用。
介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。

  • 【定语】The boy under the tree is john’s brother.
  • 【状语】The girl will be back in two hours.
  • 【表语】Our English teacher is from Australia.
  • 【宾语补足语】Help yourself to some fish.
  1. 表示“材料”的of,from
    • of:可从成品看出原材料
      • This box is made of wood.
      • The salad is made of apples and bananas.
    • from:从成品中看不出原材料
      • The wine is made from grape.
      • The lifeboat is made from some special materials.
  2. 表示“工具或手段”的by,with, in
    • by:多用于交通工具和日常手段、方法。
      • Tom usually goes to school by bike.
      • He sent the information by e-mail.
      • Lance taught me English by this way.
    • 注意:表示搭乘交通工具时,即可用by,也可用in,区别在于名词前是否有冠词。
      • Lance often goes to work by taxi.
      • Lance often goes to work in a taxi.
    • with:指用···工具。
      • She broke the watermelon with a stone.
      • He stopped the football with his left foot.
    • in:用···工具,语言
      • We need to fill in the form in pencil.
      • They talk in English.
      • 注意:in指工具材料时候,名词前不加冠词,但是用with时,名词前必须加冠词或者物主代词。
  3. 表示“除了”的besides和except
    • besides:包括后面提到的人或物。
    • Thirty students went to the museum besides Tom.
    • except:不包括后面提到的人或物。
    • Thiry students went to the museum except Tom.
  4. 表示“关于,有关”的about和on
    • about:意义用法比较宽泛。
      • They are talking about the coming summer holidays
    • on: 更重于论述,研究类,表示“有关···(专题,课程,研究方向)。
      • Tom is going to give a talk on the history of China.
  5. 表示”通过,穿过“的across和through
    • across:偏向于平面类的表面穿过。
      • Suddenly, a cat ran across the road.
      • 注意:accross还可以表示”跨越···(河流/街道),用法和over相同。
      • There is a bridge across/over the river.
    • through:偏向于立体空间的穿过。
      • The train runs fast through the mountain.
      • We must go through the forest in three days.

8.2 时间日期介词

[!NOTE] 表示时间、日期的介词

(1)at,in,on

1)at(主要表示时间点)
1. 用来表示在特定的某一时刻。
at nine a.m., at nine after ten
2. 用了表示不确定的某一时刻
at night, at dawn, at midnight, at that time, at the moment, at the beginning/end of
at Christmas, at Easter.
注意:on Christmas Day 在圣诞节当天
3. 用来表示年龄段
at the age of eight/at eight
He got married at twenty.

2)in(主要表示时间段)
1. 一般指在相对较长的一段时间内。
in the morning/afternoon/evening
in spring/summer/autumn/winter
in the past/in the past ten years
in the twenty-first century
a man in his thirties
2. in还可表示“在······时间之内/之后”,通常用于将来时态中。
He said he would come back in a month.
The train is leaving in a minute.
3. in+动名词:in doing sth. 这一用法的意思相当于:during the course of doing sth.,即“在做······的过程当中”。
a. In crossing the river, we caught some fish.
b. In working, we can learn a lot.

3)on(主要表示具体的某一天)
1. 表示具体的日期和星期。
on Monday, on my birthday, on their wedding anniversary
The People’s Republic of China was found on October 1st, 1949.
注意: 如果不是具体的剧月几日,而只是说几月,我们要用介词in,如:in October。
2. 表示特定某一天的上午、下文、凌晨或半夜等。
on the eve of Christmas/New year
on a hot midnight in July
a. I like going out for a walk on a fine day.
b. On that particular evening, there was a strange excitement in the air.
注意: 如上所述,如不是特定的某一天的某一时刻,则用at。
3. 表示“在第几天”。
on his first day to school
On the tenth day I was in Beijing.
4. on+动名词或名词:on doing sth. 这一用法的意思相当于when somebody does sth. 或as soon as somebody does sth.,即“在做······的时候”或“一······就······”。
a. On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.
b. On arriving, I came directly to visit you.

4)in the beginning/end 与at the beginning/end
at the beginning 表示“在······的开头”
At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.
in the beginning意思相当于at first 或 in the early stages,“在最初,起初”,暗含着以后会有所变化。
In the beginning, I wrote to my family regularly; later I just gave up.
同样,at the end表示“在······末尾,在······最后”。
But at the end of this process, unfortunately, the students are none the wiser.
at the end of January 一月底
in the end 则与in the beginning相对应,表示“最终······”,相当于eventually或at last。
At first his mother opposed the marriage, but in the end she gave her consent.
He got more and more angry. In the end he just walked out of the room.
at the beginning/end 通常与of连用。而in the beginning/end一般不能接of短语,我们不能说:in the beginning/end of something。

5)last/next/this/every前不用at/on/in:
a. I’ll see you next Friday.
b. Do you work every Sunday?

(2)during,for 表示一段时间,他们后面接表示“时间段”的名词。

1)during表示“在······期间内”,强调在某一期间发生了什么事。表示事件发生的过程,不表示在此过程中事件发生的起止时间。for则表示这件事延续时间的长短,指出了事件发生的开始时间。
a. I studied in this university for 4 years. During that time most of my time was spent in learning English.
b. My father was in hospital for six weeks during the summer.

2)during可接表示事件延续一段时间的名词,如stay,visit,travel等;for一般不能这样用。
during my visit to China
during his childhood
during my holidays
而for一般只能接具体的时间量。
for six years
for two months
for ever

(3)from, since,for。

1)from通常要和介词to或till/until连用。如
Most people work from nine to five.

2)since+时间点,表示“从那一时刻起”,事件开始发生,它通常要与现在完成时或过去完成时连用。
a. He has been here since last Sunday.
b. I haven’t seen him for two years.
c. It’s two years since I last saw him.

3)for+时间段,表示动作延续到说话的那一时刻。通常也要与现在完成时或过去完成时连用。“for+一段时间”可与“since+动作开始的时刻”替换。
a. I have lived here for a year.
b. I have lived here since this time last year.

(4)before,after,till/until。
这几个词即可作介词接短语,又可用作连词接从句。它们后面所接的时间一般是“时间点”,以表示“在某一时刻之前(before)”、“在某一时刻之后(after)”、“一直到某一时间为止(till/untill)”

a. We finished the work before 10 o’clock.
b. I‘ll wait for you till 10 o’clock.

[!important] 注意till/until的如下用法特点:
1)延续性句子谓语(用肯定)+till/until +时间点(若是从句,则从句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词)
2)短暂性句子谓语(用否定)+till/until +时间点(若是从句,则从句中的谓语动词是短暂性动词)

a. He didn’t finish the work until 10 o’clock.(finish短暂性动词,用否定)
b. He didn’t leave the office till 12 o’clock.
c. He will stay here until next Sunday. (stay 延续性动词,用肯定)

(5)by。

1)by的意思是no later than,表示“不迟于某个时间”、“到了某个时间”。
by the end of next year

2)by 引导的时间状语常与将来完成时态或过去完成时态连用。
a. By the end of next year I’ll have learned 2,000 words.(将来完成时)
b. By the end of next year I had learned 2,000 words.(过去完成时)

常用时间介词及辨析:
in, on, at, during, before, after, until/till, since, by, past, at the beginning of…, at the end of…, from…to…, not…until, between…and…

  1. at, on, in:
    • at:一般用于表示具体时刻或者时间的某一点。
      • at eight(o’clock), at noon, at night
      • We usually have lunch at noon(at 12).
      • The street is silent at midnight.
    • in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上、下午及晚上。
      • in May, in the week, in spring, in2018,
      • in the morning, in the evening.
      • Tom plans to go skating in winter.
    • on:用于具体某天,或者某一天及形容词修饰的上、下午。
      • on Monday, on May 25th, on Friday afternoon,
      • on a fine morning, on a cold night
      • We listened to the lecture on a snowy evening.
      • I met her on the night of June 1st.
    • 注意:在this,that,last,next,every,each,these,those等词前面不能再加介词。
      • this morning, last Friday, next Sunday, every Monday (week, spring…)
    • 注意:on后接星期的复数,表示每周几。
      • Tom always stays at home on Saturdays.
  2. before和after即可做介词又可做连词
    • Let’s go to play football after school.
    • Please turn off the light after you leave the room.
    • We must wash our hands befor dinner.
    • I will call you before I set off.
  3. until、till和by:
    • until和till通常能互换,表示“直到···”,可做介词也可以做连词。
    • Tom didn’t finish homework until (till) 9 pm.
    • I will wait for you until you come here.
    • by只能做介词,不能做连词,表示“到···为之”。
    • He will have completed all the task by the end of this year.
    • 若把时间改成by the end of last year,句子又该如何表达?
    • He had completed all the task by the end of last year.

8.3 方式手段介词

这样的介词有:by,with,through,in

(1)by

注意:by后面接动名词或不带冠词的单数名词。如by boat,而不是by a boat*。

1)表示行为方式。例如:
send something by post
do something by hand
pay by check/by credit card(但要说:pay in cash
我们还可以说某事发生是by mistake/by accident/ by chance(但要说:on purpose

2)接交通工具
by car, by train, by plane/air, by boat/sea/ship, by bus, by bicycle
by metro/subway/underground (但要说:on foot)
注意:
1. by car, 不说by a car, by my car, by the car,但说:in a car,in my car,in the car。
I don’t mind going by car but I don’t want to go in your car.
2. car, taxi前用介词in。
They didn’t come in their car. They came in a taxi.
3. 自行车和公共交通设施前使用on。
on the train/by train, on his bicycle/by bicycle

3)表示通过某种手段以达到预期的结果。(与with相区别)
a. We succeeded by cooperating with them.
b. Our Mission is to help our clients achieve their business goals by providing a service for the timely delivery of qualified staff to support their operational needs.

(2)with:主要是表示用具体的工具做某事。with接单数可数名词时,需要带冠词。

a. I killed a fly with a flyflap.
b. We can see with our eyes and write with our hands.

(3)in:表示以某种方式做某事。

a. Write in pencil/ink.
b. Express this in your own words.
c. Speak in a low voice.
d. Pay in installments.

(4)through:其用法与by相近,只是through一般多跟名词连用,by则多与动名词搭配。

They talked to each other through an interpreter.

8.4 地点方位介词

这样的介词主要有:
at, in, on, over, above, under, below, beneath, before, in front of, after, behind, about, around, round, out, out of, outside, outside of

(1)at,in

1)在表示地点或场所时,一般来讲,in表示较大的地方;at表示较小的地方。
at home, at the office, at school, at the bridge, at the crossroads, at the bus stop,
at the doctor’s, at the hairdresser’s
in a country, in a town, in a village, in the street, in the forest, in a field, in a desert
此外,常用in的情形有:
in a line/ in a row/ in a queue
in a photo/ in a picture
in a mirror
in the sky/ in the world
in a book/ in a newspaper/ in a magazine/ in a letter
in the front/back row (但可以说:at the front/back)
in the front/back of the car (at the front/back of the building/cinema/classroom)

2)我们可以用in或at来谈论建筑物,比如:at a restaurant或in a restaurant。但用at通常表示,某事发生的场合。
a. I met him at the cinema last night.
而用in往往表示建筑物本身情形
b. I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema.(不说:at the cinema)
另外,我们用in强调“在建筑物里面”,而用at则笼统地指“在这个地点”,包括建筑物里面及周围。
at the restaurant 可以在餐馆里,也可以是在餐馆附近
in the restaurant 强调在餐馆里面
at the cinema 可以是在餐馆里面,也可以是在餐馆附近
in the cinema 强调在电影院里面
c. There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowed.
d. Go along this road, then turn left at the shop.

(2)on, over, above三个词均有“在······之上”的含义,但意思有区别

1)on表示两事物表面接触。
a. Put away the books on the desk.
b. The dictionary on the table is not mine.
c. There is a label on the bottle.
d. There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
e. There is a notice on the door. It says “Do Not Disturb.”
此外,常用on的情形有:
on the left/ on the right
on the first/second floor.
on a map
on the page/on Page Seven(at the top/bottom of the page)
on the menu
on the list
on the way to school
on the corner of the street(in the corner of the room)

2)over表示两事物表面不仅有接触,而且有覆盖的含义
a. Spread the cloth over the table.
b. Mom put a rug over me when I was asleep.
over还可以表示“正上方”,如:
c. There is a bridge over the river.
d. There is a lamp over the desk.

3)above仅表示上下方位关系,且事物表面不接触,也不是“正上方”。
a. The sun rose above the horizon.
用于抽象概念表示职位高低时,over和above的差别:
b. He is over me. = He is my immediate superior.
c. He is above me. 他是我的上司。(一般不是直接上司)

**(3)below,under,beneath

1)under表示“在······下方”,两物体可以接触,也可以隔开一定的距离。
a. I put the money under the mattress.
b. The dog is groveling under the table.

2)below则一般表示在两个表面之间间隔一定的距离。
a. They live below us.

3)beneath可用来替换under,但在表示抽象含义时,最好用beneath。
a. He would think it beneath him to tell a lie. 他认为说谎有失他的身份。
b. She married beneath her. 她嫁给了一个比她社会地位低的人。

常用地点介词及辨析:
in, on, at, over, under, above, below, behind, beside, by, between, among, inside, outside, in front of, in the front of, on the left/right (of), next to

  1. at, in, on, to:
    • at:多用于小地方以及强调地理位置的点
      • Tom studies hard at school.
      • I arrived at home at 10pm yesterday.
      • We are at the top of the hill.
    • in:多用于大地方和在…范围之类。
      • I arrived in Tianjin on Monday morning.
      • Guangzhou lies in the south of China.
    • on:主要指“在···之上”,强调和表面接触,同时也可以表示毗邻,接壤的位置状态。
      • He puts his school bag on the table.
      • Fujian province is on the east of Guangdong.
    • 注意:over也可以表“在···之上”,但是两物体表面不接触的。
      • There is a light over the table.
    • to:表地理位置时一般强调不接壤,不相邻的状态。
      • Haikou lies to the south of Zhanjiang.
      • China is to the west of Japan.
  2. between和among
    • between:指的是处在两者之间。
    • I am sitting between lily and lucy.
    • among:指三者及三者以上的之间.
    • The novel has great reputation among Chinese readers.
  3. near和by:
    • near:靠近,在···附近。
    • I live near the sea。
    • by:紧挨着,相比near更靠近。
    • I live by the sea.
  4. in the front of和in front of
    • in the front of:表示在所属范围内···的前面。
    • Lance is standing in the front of classroom.
    • in front of:表示在···前面
    • There is a small river in front of this room.
  5. above he over
    • above:笼统地表示“在···上方”,其反义词是below。
    • There is a bird above my head.
    • over: 通常表示垂直的上方,其反义词是under。
    • There is a bird over my head.

8.5 常见介词短语

[!NOTE] 与动词搭配的短语

[!NOTE] 与形容词搭配的短语

[!NOTE] 与名词搭配的短语

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