词法｜04 代词
4.1 人称代词
[!NOTE] 人称代词的分类
| 单数 | 复数 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | |
| 主格人称代词 | I | you | he/she/it | we | you | they |
| 宾格人称代词 | me | you | him/her/it | us | you | them |
| 形容词性物主代词 | my | your | his/her/its | our | your | their |
| 名词性物主代词 | mine | yours | his/hers/its | ours | yours | theirs |
| 反身代词 | myself | youreself | himself/herself/ itself | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
[!NOTE] 主格人称代词的用法
1）主格人称代词在句中用作主语
2）作并列主语时，主格人称代词的排列顺序。单数第一人称“I”总是要放在所有人称代词的最后位置（单数时，you放第一位，他放中间，I最后；复数时，we放第一位，you放第二位，they放最后）。
3）表示泛指的主格代词：one，we，you，they。
a. one作不定人称代词，意思是“任何人”，因此只能用于谈论泛指的人们，而且是包括说话者本人在内。不能用来专指某一个人或某一特定的群体，也不能用来指不包括说话人在内的一群人。
b.they常意为“人们”，例如：they say=people say或it is said。
4）she（her）可用于拟人化，表示country，motherland，moon，earth，ship等等。
- She is my daughter.
- One can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs.
- Somebody is knocking at the door.（不能用One替代，One含说话者本人）
- One can’t succeed unless he/one tries hard.
- 关于one后面使用的代词，在美国英语中，一般用he，him，himself或his；而在英国英语中常用one，oneself或one’s。
- One never realizes how much and how little he knows until he starts talking.
- We/You/One should never lose heart in face of difficulties.
- They say it is going to be a cold winter.
- they常意为“人们”，例如：they say=people say或it is said。
- The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice that rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.
- The ship lost most of her rigging in the storm.
[!NOTE] 宾格人称代词的用法
1）宾格人称代词（如me, you, him, her）主要在句中作宾语
a.在动词后边作直接宾语：I like her.
b.在动词后边作间接宾语：He bought me dinner that day.
c.用作介词宾语：I am very fond of him.
2）宾格代词也可用作表语
3）主语代词和宾格代词可以做同位语[!NOTE] 宾格代词在句中作宾语的位置
1）表间接宾语（通常是表示人）可在直接宾语之前。
- a. He bought me a pen as a birthday gift.
- b. I’ve lent him much money, but he’s never mentioned to pay me back.
- 此时，也可将间接宾语放在直接宾语后面。如：
- c.He bought a pen for me as a birthday gift.
- d. I’ve lend much money to him, but he’s never mentioned to pay me back.
[!NOTE] 宾格代词在句中作宾语的位置
2）如果直接宾语是人称代词，直接宾语应紧跟在动词之后。而间接宾语放在句末，且在间接宾语前要用介词to或for。
- a. I will give it to you. （不能说 I will give you it.）
- b.-What beautiful flowers! -My boyfriend sent them to me. （不能说 My boyfriend sent me them.）
- 但这一条规则不适用于不定代词one，some，any，none，something等。
- I’ll show you something.
- I didn’t give Rex any.
- I’ll will show you something.
[!NOTE] 宾格代词在句中作宾语的位置
3）宾格代词的位置
- Hand them in.
- Throw it away.
- Pick it up.
- 但是，作宾语的名词可以放在短语动词当中，也可以放在短语动词的末尾。
- Hand your papers in. /Hand in your papers.
- Throw the trash away. /Throw away the trash.
人称代词代替人和事物的名称，分为主格和宾格两种形式。
| 第一人称单数 | 第二人称单数 | 第三人称单数 | 第一人称复数 | 第二人称复数 | 第三人称复数 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 主格 | I 我 | you 你 | he 他/she 她/it 它 | we 我们 | you 你们 | they 他们/她们/它们 |
| 宾格 | me 我 | you 你 | him 他/her 她/it 它 | us 我们 | you 你们 | them 他们/她们/它们 |
- 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，有时也可放在表语位置。
- He is a student.
- That’s it./ It’s he.
- 宾格用来做及物动词或者介词的宾语【动宾/介宾】。
- I saw her with them in the classroom.
- He gave a book to me.
- 三个不同人称同时出现，或者主语中包含“我”时，按照第二人称>第三人称>第一人称，即you>he/she/it>I。
- You, he and I should return on time.
- Who will go there? You and me.
- 代词it的用法 。
- 指代前面提到过的事物
- The book on the desk is not mine. It is Jim’s.
- 指代指示代词this或that。
- What‘s that？—It is a pen.
- 指代婴儿或不明身份的人
- Someone is knocking at the door. Please go and see who it is.
- 指代时间或季节
- What is the time now? —It’s ten o’clock.
- 指代天气
- What’s the weather like today? —It’s sunny.
- 指代距离
- How far is it from your school to your home?
- 用作形式主语或形式宾语：
- It is important for us to work hard.
- It is very that the public want to know when these men can go into space.
- We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.
- 指代前面提到过的事物
4.2 物主代词
[!NOTE] 物主代词的形式和用法
（1）物主代词其实就是人称代词的所有格形式，表示所有关系，分为形容词性和名词性。
| 第一人称单数 | 第二人称单数 | 第三人称单数 | 第一人称复数 | 第二人称复数 | 第三人称复数 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 形容词性 | my | your | his/her/its | our | your | their |
| 名词性 | mine | yours | his/hers/its | ours | yours | theirs |
（2）形容词性物主代词的用法。
- 1）形容词性物主代词必须和名词连用，对名词起限定作用，不能单独使用
- a. Your book is over there.
- b. His sister is lovely.
- c. My car has broken down.
- 2)若表示强调，我们可在形容词性物主代词后边加上own。例如
- a. I wish I had my own house. (own作形容词)
- b. I wish I had a house of my own. (own作代词)
（3）名词性物主代词的用法。
- 1）与形容词性物主代词相反，名词性物主代词只能单独使用，不能再与名词连用。因为名词性物主代词相当于形容词性物主代词+名词。我们用名词性物主代词主要是为了避免前面出现过的名词再次被重复提到。
- a. This is not my book. Mine (=My book) is in my bag.
- b. This book is mine and yours is over there.
- 2）我们也可以用“of+名词性物主代词”这样的结构。例如：
- a friend of mine = one of my friends
- a teacher of hers = one of her teachers
- 不可说：of my/your/her；可以说：of my/your/his/her own。
- 形容词性物主代词起形容词作用，在句中只能作定语，也就时说它后面必须跟一个名词。
- This is my bike.
- Our English teacher is Miss Gao.
- 名词性物主代词相当于名词，既代替事物又表明所属关系，在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语，后面千万不可以跟名词。
- Is this your book? —No, it isn’t, it’s hers(her book).
- This book is mine. = This is my book.
- Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.
- “of+名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格，作定语时放在名词的后面。
- A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.
4.3 反身代词
[!NOTE] 反身代词的形式与用法
（1）反身代词的形式。
| 第一人称单数 | 第二人称单数 | 第三人称单数 | 第一人称复数 | 第二人称复数 | 第三人称复数 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 反身代词 | myself | yourself | himself /herself /itself | ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
- 此外，还有不定反身代词oneself。例如
- One shouldn’t think the most of oneself, but nothing of others.（美语中常用himself）
（2）反身代词用作宾语。
- 一般来说，若动词所表示的行为施加到施动者自己身上时，也就是说主宾和宾语为同一个人时，我们用反身代词作动词的宾语。
- God helps those who help themselves.
- Take good care of yourself.
- 若主语和宾语不是同一人时，则不能用反身代词作宾语。
- 【错】Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating a series of indicators that could help themselves to predict earthquakes.
- 【分析】定语从句的主语是that，指indicators。而这里themselves显然是指researchers。两者不一致，故不能用反身代词，而应将themselves改为them。
（3）反身代词起强调作用。反身单纯可强调主语和宾语。此时self要重读。
- 1）强调主语，反身代词通常用来强调句子的主语，此时反身代词常位于主语之后。
- a. He himself went to visit the old lady.
- I myself took my mother to the hospital.
- 在不引起句子歧义的情况下，我们可把反身代词置于句末。例如：
- He went to visit the old lady himself.
- I took my mother to the hospital myself.
- 而下面这句就会有歧义：
- He spoke to the boss himself.（可理解为和老板本人谈，或他个人亲自去谈）
- 2）强调宾语，反身代词只能紧跟在宾语后边。例如：
- He saw Tom himself.
- I will send this gift to John himself.
（4）介词+反身代词
- 1）by oneself: 单独地，独自一人地
- I went there by myself.
- 2）of oneself：自动地，自然而然地
- The door opened of itself.
- 可用作宾语，指的是宾语和主语表示同一个或同一些的人或事物。
- Mary bought herself a scarf.
- We must look after ourselves very well.
- 可用作表语，指的是表语和主语表示同一个或同一些人或事物。
- She isn’t quite herself today.
- 可用作主语或宾语的同位语，常用来加强语气。
- She herself will fly to London tomorrow.
- I met the writer himself last week.
- 反身代词不能单独做主语，但可以做主语的同位语，起强调作用。
- 【误】Myself can finsih my homework.
- 【正】I myself can finish my homework./ I can finish my homework myself.
- 反身代词表示某人自己，不能表示某人的东西，因为它没有所有格的形式。要表达某人自己的（东西）时，要用one’s own.
- 【误】I’m drawing with myself pencils.
- 【正】I’m drawing with my own pencils.
- 用在某些固定短语当中。
- look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己
- teach oneself sth. / learn sth. by oneself 自学
- enjoy oneself 玩得高兴，过得愉快
- help oneself to sth 请自用···（随便吃/喝些···）
- hurt oneself 摔伤自己
- say to oneself 自言自语
- lose oneself in 沉浸于，陶醉于···之中
- buy oneself sth 给自己买···东西
- introduce oneself 介绍···自己
4.4 不定代词
不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫不定代词。不定代词不仅具有名词和形容词的特征，而且还有可数和不可数之分。
| 不定代词 | 意义 | 不定代词 | 意义 | 不定代词 | 意义 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | 全体，全部 | each | 每个 | many | 许多 |
| both | 两个都 | every | 每个 | much | 许多 |
| either | 任意一个 | neither | 两个都不 | none | 没有一个 |
| some | 一些 | any | 一些，任何 | little | 几乎没有 |
| another | 另外一个 | other | 另外的人或物 | few | 几乎没有 |
- Some和any共同点：都表示“一些”，既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。
- 不同点：Some：多用在肯定句中；也可用于建议或请求的疑问句中，表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答；any：多用在否定句和疑问句；用于肯定句时表示”任何的“。
- There are some apples on the table.
- There isn’t any ink in this pen.
- Would you like some tea?
- you may come at any time.
- many和much：many-许多，修饰可数名词；much-大量，修饰不可数名词；
- I have many books.
- I have much orange.
- a few，few和a little，little：a few-肯定意义，有一些 few-否定意义，几乎没有，a little- 肯定意义，有点，little-否定意义，几乎没有
- a few people / few people
- a little water / litte water
Both 和 all
| 单词 | 用法 | 谓语形式 | 常用短语 |
|---|---|---|---|
| both | 两者都，表肯定含义 | 复数 | both···and····两者都；both of 两者都 |
| all | 三者及以上都，表肯定含义 | 复数 | all of 三者及三者以上都 |
- Both of us will attend Lance English class.
- All of the students study hard.
either、neither和none
| 单词 | 用法 | 谓语形式 | 常用短语 |
|---|---|---|---|
| neither | 两者都不，表否定含义 | 单数 | neither…nor…既不···也不··· neither of 两者都不 |
| none | 三者及三者以上都布，表否定含义 | 根据指代的名词可数不可数来判断 | none of三者及三者以上都不 |
| either | 两者中任意一个，表肯定含义 | 单数 | either… or …或者···或者··· |
- Either you or I am to go.
- Neither of us does a good job.
- None of us speaks/speak Japanese.
- None of the money belongs to me.
- each和every共同点：后面接名词做主语时，谓语动词均用单数形式。
- 不同点：each：强调个体，指两者或两者以上人或事物中的每一个，后面可以加of短语；every：强调整体，指三者或者三者以上的人或事物中的每一个，不可加of短语。
- Each of them has something to do.
- Every person in China is friendly.
other、another、others、the other 和 the others
| 代词 | 意义 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| other | 另外的 | 常与复数名词连用 |
| another | 另一个 | 指三者及三者以上的另一个 |
| others | 另一些 | 固定搭配有some…others |
| the other | 两者中的另一个 | 固定搭配one…the other |
| the others | 其余的 | 特指在一个整体中剩余的全部 |
- Do you have any other questions?
- Some students like English, and other students like Chemistry.
- 也可以说成：Some students like English, and others like Chemistry.
- I have two pens. One is blue. The other (pen) is black.
- I don’t like this one. Please show me another.
- Two boys will go to the playground, and others will stay in the classroom.
- Two boys will go to the playground, and the others will stay in the classroom.
4.5 复合不定代词
由some，any，no，every，加上body，thing构成的，在句子中当单数使用
| someone | 某人 | somebody | 某人 | something | 某事 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anyone | 任何人 | anybody | 任何人 | anything | 任何事 |
| everyone | 每人 | everybody | 每人 | everything | 一切 |
| no one | 没有人 | nobody | 没有人 | nothing | 没什么 |
- somebody，something，someone一般用于肯定句中；anything，anybody，anyone一般用在否定句和疑问句中。
- I can do something for you.
- Is anybody here?
- I can not do anything for you. 相当于I can do nothing for you.
- I can do anything for you. 相当于I can do everything for you.
- 修饰复合不定代词时，定语通常放在后面。比较：
- I have many important things to tell you.
- I have something important to tell you.
- We will have much work to do next week.
- We will have nothing much to do next week.
- none 和 no one
| none | no one | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 即可指人也可以指物 | 只能指人，不能指物 |
| 2 | 常与of短语连用 | 不能与of短语连用 |
| 3 | 作主语，谓语动词用单复数都行 | 做主语，谓语动词用单数 |
| 4 | 否定回答以How much/ How many开头的疑问句 | 否定回答以Who开头的疑问句 |
- None of them passed the final exam.
- No one knows the answer.
- —How many students are there in this room?
- —None.
- —Who was late today?
- —No one.
4.6 疑问代词
| 意思 | 用法 | 例句 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| who | 谁 | 问人的身份，姓名等 | He is Lilie. who is he? He is my brother. Who is he? |
| whom | 谁 | 问人的身份，姓名等（问宾语） | I can ask him the quesion. Whom can you ask the quesion? |
| what | 什么 | 问人的职业或事物是什么 | He is a worker. What is he? He has a book. What does he have? |
| which | 哪一个 | 问一个范围内特指的人或物 | The big box is mine. Which box is yours? The girl at the door is Ann. Which girl is Ann? |
| whose | 谁的 | 问所属关系 | This is her book. Whose book is this? This book is hers. Whose is this book? |
| when | 什么时候 | 问时间 | We play games in the afternoon. When do you play games? |
| where | 什么地方 | 问地点（状语） | We play games at home on Sunday. Where do you play games on Sunday? |
| why | 为什么 | 问原因 | He isn’t at school today because he is ill. Why isn’t he at school today? |
| how | 怎样 | 问健康状况、做事的方式等 | He is fine/strong. How is he? I go home by bike. How do you go home? |
4.7 指示代词
- 指示代词分单数（this/that）和复数（these/those）两种形式，既可作限定词又可做代词，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语。
- 【限】This girl is Mary.
- 【限】Those men are my teachers.
- 【代】This is Mary.
- 【代】Those are my teachers.
- This is yours and that is mine. 【作主语】
- I want this book, not that book. 【作定语】
- I like these and he likes those. 【作宾语】
- 有时为了避免重复，可用that和those代替前面提到的名词：
- The population of China is much larger than that of Japan.
- His views are close to those of the Socialist Party.