7.3 定语从句

定语从句概述

（1）形容词作定语和从句作定语

在英文中，很多时候我们都用形容词作定语，来修饰一个名词。但是若要表达更为复杂的意思，简单地用形容词作定语就无能为力了，我们就要借助于一个句子来修饰名词，作名词的定语，对名词进行限制。那么作定语的这个句子就称为定语从句。

两种定语	例句	比较
形容词作定语	I don’t like lazy people.	形容词作定语多置于名词之前
完整句子作定语	a. I don’t like people who are lazy. b. I don’t like people who are never on time. c. I don’t like people who never keep their words.	从句修饰名词要置于名词之后。从句往往表达更为复杂的意思。比如b、c两个句子就不便用形容词来作定语，而要采用句子作定语。

（2）定语从句的两个重要概念：先行词和关系词

1）先行词： 被定语从句修饰或限制的对象称为先行词。上表“完整句子作定语”的例句中people即为先行词。

2）关系词： 指代先行词，起连接主句和从句的作用并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。上表例句中的who即为关系词。

因此关系词有两个作用：
代词作用—— 指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当一定成分，上表例句中的who作主语；
连接作用—— 起连接主句和从句的作用。

3）主句从句： 上面例句中I don’t like people. 是独立的主句；who are lazy/never on time则是定语从句。

定语从句的初步认识

• I have a moving story.
• The tallest building is in our country.

定语从句：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句。
定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后。

• The man who lives next to us is a policeman.
• You must do everything that I do.

关系代词
that，which，who，whom，whose

• The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.

关系副词
where，when，why

• This is the room where they had a meeting a week ago.

关系词的三大作用：

1. 引导定语从句
2. 代替先行词
3. 在定语从句中担当一个成分
   Do you know the woman who is talking to tom in the corner?

请分析一下定语从句：（请划出定语从句，并标出先行词）

• You couldn’t understand people who talked fast.
• I have some ideas that may help.

关系代词引导定语从句

1. who指人，在定语从句中做主语。
   • The boys who are playing football are from Class Two.
   • Yesterday Tom helped an old man who lost his way.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中当宾语，常可省略。
   • Mr. Wang is the person (whom) you talk about.
   • 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
   • The man who/whom you met just now is my uncle.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
   • Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
   • This is the earphone (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
   • The student that/who come to visit our school are all here.
   • Where is the girl that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。
   • Tom has a frieng whose father is a teacher.
   • He lived in a house whose roof was painted green.
   • whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替。
     • The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
     • 【=】The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
     • Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
     • 【=】Do you like the book color of which is yellow?

关系代词引导定语从句时，可作主语、宾语、定语等句子成分。

	代替人	代替物	代替人或物
主语	who	which	that
宾语	whom/who	which	that
定语	whose(=of whom)	whose(=of which)

• This is the doctor who comes from London.
• The book which/that I am reading is written by Lu Xun.
• The table whose leg is broken is very old.

用关系代词时应注意以下几点：

1. 如果先行词是all，anything，something，nothing，everything，little，none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
   • All that are presnet burst into tears.
2. 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first，last，any，only，few，much，no，some，very等词修饰，关系代词常用that，不用which。
   • The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3. 先行词中既有人又有物时，关系代词应该用that。
   • The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
4. 当关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，必须用which或whom，有时候可以把介词移到句尾时，则又可以使用that或who。
   • The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
   • This is the room in which Lance once lived.
   • 【=】This is the room that Lance once lived in.
   • 注意：像listen to，look at，depend on，pay attention to，take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不将介词与动词分开。
     • This is the little child whom she has taken care of.
5. 在there be句型中，只用that，不用which。
   • There are many chemistry books that he had read.
   • There is only a little orange that is left in the fridge!

关系副词引导定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。
   • I can never forget the day when I first saw you.
   • 思考：I can never forget the days that were happy in the school.
   • 请选择when/that/which填入句子：
     • I can never forget the day ( when )my little brother was born.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。
   • The house where Bill lived in 1980s will be rebuilt soon.
   • 思考：The house that we visited last year will be rebuilt soon.
   • 请选择where/that/which填入句子：
   • The museum ( that/which )was founded by Bill will be rebuilt soon.
3. why指原因，理由，在定语从句中做原因状语。
   • Is this the reason why he refused our offer?
   • 请选择why/that/which填入句子：
     • I don’t accept the reason ( waht/which ) was explained by Tom yesterday.
     • I don’t accept the reason ( why ) Tom was late yesterday.

用关系词填空：that、which、who、whom、whose、when、where、why。

• Tom will go to the museum ( where ) the exhibition is held.
• The woman ( that/who/whom ) you saw is our geography teacher.
• Show me the boy ( whose ) mother is a well-known singer.
• Shaolin temple ( that/which ) lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.

定语从句难点剖析

1. 介词+which
   • 介词后面的关系词不能省略。
   • that前不能有介词。
   • 在定语从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的关系副词when和where可以同“介词+which”结构互换。
   • This is the house where I lived two years ago. (in the house)
     • This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
   • Do you remember the day when you joined our club? (on the day)
     • Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
   • I can remember the year when I graduated from university. (in the year)
     • I can remember the year in which I graduated from university.
   • This is the reason why he was late this morning. (for the reason)
     • This is the reason for which he was late this morning.
   • 判断对错，如果有错请改正：
     • This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (that/which)
     • I will never forget the days on which I spent in the countryside. (that/which)
     • Lucy is recalling the days when she stayed together with Lance.【√】
2. 限制性和非限制性定语从句
   • 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
     • This is the house which we bought last month.
     • The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
   • 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
     • He seems not to have catched what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
     • 注意区别：
       • Tom passed the entrance examination, which made his parents happy.
       • Tom passed the entrance examination, which is held last week.