5.2 非谓语【动名词&分词】
动名词的构成
动名词是由动词原形+-ing构成,具有名词的性质,在句中可以充当主语、表语、宾语、定语。
Jack enjoys running around the park.
分词的构成
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,起到形容词和副词的作用,在句中作定语、宾语补足语、状语和表语。
现在分词表示主动或正在进行,过去分词表示被动或完成。
There are some boys swimming in the river.
The meeting held yesterday was very important.
动名词的句法功能
- 作主语:谓语动词用第三人称单数形式
- Learning English is very difficult.
- 作宾语:表示习惯性的行为或经常性的动作。
- 作动宾:I like reading books.
- 作介宾:Can you prevent him from smoking?
- 补充:常见的接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语:
- suggest,allow,avoid,consider,enjoy,mind,admit,be worth,finish,can’t help,practise,keep on,be busy,be used to,give up,have difficult/trouble(in)做某事有困难
- 作表语:表示主语的性质、特征等。
- His job is driving a bus.
- 作定语:表示所修饰词的用途、所属关系等,常位于所修饰词前。
- The reading room can hold 100 people.
动词不定式和动名词作宾语或宾语补足语的区别
- 动名词作宾语,表示习惯性动作;动词不定式作宾语,侧重具体的一次性动作。
- I like playing football.
- I like to play football with my friends.
- 感官动词后接动名词或省略to的动词不定式:接动名词时,表示正在进行的动作;接省略to的动词不定式时,表示动作的全过程或强调动作经常发生。
- I see her dancing in the classroom.
- I often see her dance in the classroom.
- 动词不定式和动名词作宾语的意义和区别
动词不定式 | 动名词 |
---|---|
remember to do sth. 记住做某事(未做) | remember doing sth. 记得做过某事(已做) |
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(未做) | forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事(已做) |
regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事(未做) | regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事(已做) |
try to do sth. 尽力做某事 | try doing sth. 尝试做某事 |
分词的句法功能
- 作表语:现在分词作表语说明事物的特点、性质,过去分词作表语表示事物的状态。
- The movie is interesting.
- The computer is broken.
- 作定语:单个分词作定语,常位于被修饰词前;分词短语作定语,常位于被修饰词后。
- The man speaking to the teacher is my father.
- Fallen trees, broken windows and rubbish were everywhere.
- 作状语:作伴随状语,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
- He sat there, reading a book.
- 作补足语
- They kept us waiting for a long time.
- They hope to see the problem solved peacefully.