5.1 非谓语【不定式】
非谓语动词的定义及形式
非谓语动词,又叫非限定动词,在句子中充当谓语以外的其他句子成分。非谓语动词的主要形式包括动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和动词不定式(如to do/doing/done)。
逻辑纬度交叉
不定式表目的(to achieve)、分词表伴随(holding)、动名词表过程(by doing…)形成三维表达框架,突破传统主从复合句的线性限制。
动词不定式的构成
动词不定式由“(to)+ 动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not(to)+ 动词原形”。
动词不定式的特征
- 动词不定式可以跟宾语,也可以有状语修饰。
- She asked me to read this word aloud.
- 没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
- She wants to drink water.
- I am sorry to have done that.
- 具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
- To know oneself is difficult.
不定式作主语
不定式作主语时,相当于名词或代词所起的作用,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
- To see is to believe.
作主语的不定式较长时,常用it作形式主语,然后将真正的主语不定式后置 - 句型结构为”It is… to do sth.”。
it作形式主语的常见句型如下:
句型 | 示例 |
---|---|
It is + 形容词 + to do sth. | It is very happy to live in the small town. |
It is + 名词 + to do sth. | It is our duty to keep our classroom clean. |
It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth. | It is easy for me to finish this work before ten. It is very kind of you to help me. |
It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth. | It takes me half an hour to walk here. |
辨析助记:“It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth.”的用法:形容词描述to do用for;形容词描述sb.用of。 |
- 作主语;常用it作形式主语,真正的主语动词不定式后置。
- To learn English is useful. = It is useful to learn English.
- 补充:常考动词不定式作形式主语的句型
- It is/was + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.
- It’s time (for sb.) to do sth.
动词不定式作宾语
分类 | 用法 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
作动词 的宾语 | 位于某些及物动词后 | He pretended not to see me. |
当动词不定式后有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语动词不定式后置 | I find it hard to pass this exam. | |
作介词 的宾语 | 用于“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构 | They are talking about how to protect the environment. |
- 补充:后接动词不定式作宾语的动词(短语):
- decide,plan,choose,ask,manage,offer,fail,expect,prepare,help,promise,refuse,agree,dare,hope,want,demand,pretend,intend,determine。
- 口诀助记:同意提出做计划(agree、offer、intend/plan),要求承诺来帮忙(demand/ask、promise、help),准备决定遭拒绝(prepare、decide、refuse),敢于选择有希望(dare、choose、hope/want/expect),不能做到莫假装(fail、pretend),设法做成决心坚(manage、determine)。
动词不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语,位于宾语之后,表示宾语的动作或状态
其结构为“动词+sb.+to do sth.”
My father advised me to take more exercise.
- 补充:后接动词不定式作宾补的动词(短语):
- tell,advise,warn,invite,except,encourage,ask,help,teach,allow,wish,persuade,order,want/would like
不定式作目的状语
作状语:表示目的、原因、结果。
Mary drinks milk every day to grow tall.
不定式作状语表目的可搭配in order to或so as to,后跟不带to的不定式。
We’ll hold a meeting in order to solve the problem.
动词不定式的其他句法功能
- 作定语:放在被修饰词后,相当于定语从句。
- Suzhou is a good place to visit.
- 作表语:常位于系动词后,表示主语的具体动作或目的。
- Her job is to teach children painting.
与疑问词连用的动词不定式
动词不定式与疑问代词和疑问副词连用what、which、where、how和when等,起名词的作用,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
How to get the information is a big problem.
Could you tell me how to get to the park?
不带to的动词不定式
- 在主动语态中,感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式,需要省略to。
- Tom’s father makes him clean the window.
- 补充:常考作宾补省略to的动词不定式的动词(短语):
- feel,hear,listen to,let,make,have,see,watch,notice,look at,observe
- had better,would rather后的动词不定式也需省略to,help后的to可省略也可不省略。
- I would rather have Chinese food.
- 两个或两个以上的动词不定式短语并列时,后面的动词不定式通常省略to。
- The teacher asked me to read this word and spell it.
用法 | 示例 |
---|---|
感官动词(词组)feel、hear、listen to、look at、see、watch和notice后作宾语补足语的不定式在主动语态中省略to;被动语态中省略的to要还原 | I watch her get into the car. |
使役动词make、let和have后作宾语补足语的不定式在主动语态中省略to;被动语态中省略的to要还原 | I would have him wait at the gate of the park. |
动词help后作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可省略to,也可以不省略;被动语态中省略的to要还原 | Mother helped me do my homework. |
多个不定式并列时,通常只有第一个不定式需带to,其余不定式可省略to | He told me to stay there and wait for him. |
except和but表示“除了······”,若其前有动词do的任何形式则省略to,反之则不省略 | I had no choice but to wait. We have nothing to do but wait. |
某些固定搭配: Why not do sth.? 为什么不做某事呢? had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事 would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿(不)做某事 | Why not ask the teacher? |
不定式的常用搭配
常用搭配 | 含义 | 示例 |
---|---|---|
too+形容词/副词+to do sth. | 太······而不能做某事 | He is too young to write. |
形容词/副词+enough+to do sth. | 足够······可以做某事 | She is old enough to go to school. |
would like to do sth. | 想要做某事 | We would like to go to the zoo. |
It’s time to do sth. | 是时候做某事 | It’s time to get up. |
prefer to do A rather than do B | 宁愿做A也不愿做B | I prefer to do my homework rather than watch that boring movie. |