被动语态的定义

语态是表明句子中主语和谓语之间的主动或被动关系的动词形式。
主动语态：主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。
She takes care of cats
被动语态：主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者，谓语动词用被动语态。
Cats are taken care of by her

被动语态的用法

1. 不知道或者没必要提及动作的执行者。
   1. His bike was stolen yesterday
2. 动作的执行者不是人时
   1. We were stopped by the storm
3. 强调动作的承受者
   1. Rome was not built in a day

不同时态的被动语态结构

1. 一般现在时：am/is/are （+not）+过去分词
   1. The film is called Snow White
2. 一般过去时：was/were（+not）+ 过去分词
   1. This poem wasn’t written by him
3. 一般将来时：will（not）/be （not）going to be + 过去分词
   1. The work will be done next week
4. 现在进行时：am/is/are（+not）+being+过去分词
   1. A new film is being shown in the theatre
5. 过去进行时：was/were（+not）+being+过去分词
   1. The road was being widened at that time
6. 现在完成时：have/has （+not）+been+过去分词
   1. The flowers have been destroyed by the rain

常用于被动语态的短语和句型

短语/句型	示例
be made of	The scarf is made of silk
be made from	The wine is made from grapes
be used for doing sth be used to do sth	This machine is used for getting/to get water
be located in	The building is located in the centre of the town
be know/regarded	He was regarded as an excellent singer
It is said/reported that	It is said/reported that the great man has gone to China

含有情态动词的被动语态

结构：情态动词（+not）+ be +过去分词
It can be done by hand
It needn’t be mentioned in your talk

主谓宾结构变被动语态

主动语态：I clean the room
被动语态：The room is cleaned by me
第一步：将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语。若宾语时人称代词，需要用其主格形式
第二步：将主动语态中主语变为被动语态中的by短语（在被动语体中作状语）。若主语时人称代词，需要用其宾格形式。
第三步：主动语态中的谓语动词变为被动形式（be+过去分词）
注意：主动转被动之后，动词的人称和数与被动语态的主语保持主谓一致，时态与原句时态保持一致。

Chinese names are full of meanings. It is part of the culture. Western peoples names are a little (difference). Let’s look at some of the reasons behind Western names.

If a girl from China_(call) “Mei”, we know it means “beautiful”. If a boy is called “Wu”, we know it means “like a soldier”. It is because of the meaning that people choose for the little boy or girl.

Sometimes names(pick) for their meaning in the West, too. In the past, if a girl 19 (call) “Joy”, that means the parents wanted her to be happy and to bring others happiness. Other times names (choose) because they are traditional — names taken from the Bible ( 74%. ) for example, like Noah, Mathew, Ruth and John.

Parents will often choose a name because it also belongs to a famous person, such as a pop star, an actor, or a footballer. In the last 10 years, “David” 21 (choose) as boys’ name by their parents after the footballer David Beckham.

被动语体的特殊用法

主谓双宾结构变被动语态

主动语态：They gave us many books

1. 若将间接宾语转换为被动语态的主语，则保留直接宾语。
   1. 被动语态：We were given many books by them
2. 若将直接宾语转换为被动语态的主语，则保留间接宾语，且其前需要加介词to/for。
   1. 被动语态：Many books were given to us by them
      注意：变被动语态时，间接宾语前加to的动词有give，send，bring等；间接宾语前加for的动词有buy，make，find等

主谓宾宾补结构变被动语态

将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语，宾语补足语放在谓语动词后面，成为主语补足语。
主动语态：Her mother asked her to wash dishes
被动语态：She was asked to wash dishes by her mother

不能用语被动语态的动词（短语/词组）

1. feel， smell，taste，sound，remain，prove等连系动词后接形容词时，没有被动语态（用主动形式表示被动意义）。
   1. These flowers smell good
2. begin，start，stop，finish，happen，take place，occur等表示“开始”“结束”“发生”的动词（短语），没有被动语态。
   1. The sports meeting starts at 2 p.m.
3. have，belong to等表示所属关系等动词（词组），没有被动语态
   1. This book belongs to Mike
4. hold，cost，fit，suit等表示状态等及物动词作谓语时，没有被动语态。
   1. The hall can hold 3,000 people.
5. open，read，write，clean，sell，cut，burn，drive等表示主语属性、特征、状态等动词与well，easily等副词连用时，没有被动语态（用主动形式表示被动意义）。
   1. His book sells well

不能变为被动语态的情况

1. 如果动词的宾语是反身代词，不能变为被动语态。
   1. We should look after ourselves
2. 如果动词的宾语时动词-ing形式或动词不定式，不能变为被动语态
   1. The computer needs fixing
3. 如果动词的宾语为主语身体的一部分，不能变为被动语态。
   1. He couldn’t believe his ears

感官动词和使役动词的被动语态

在被动语态中，如果感官动词（see，hear等）和使役动词（make，let，have等）后等宾语补足语时动词，变被动语态时要还原to。
The boss made them work 14 hours every day。
They were made to work 14 hours every day by the boss

被动语态和系表结构等区别

“be+过去分词”结构既可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构。通过以下方法来判断：

1. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的过去分词是形容词，表示状态。
   1. The window is closed by Lucy
   2. The window is closed
2. 被动语态可用于进行时态，系表结构不用于进行时态。
   1. The plan is being carried out
   2. My key is lost
3. 被动语态常用介词by+动作的执行者；系表结构常与其他介词连用构成固定搭配，如be interested in，be connected with，be surprised at 等。
   1. The building was built by young people
   2. He is interested in physics