3.7 过去完成时

定义

1. 表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。
   e.g. They had got everything ready before I came.
2. 表示一个动作或状态开始于过去某时之前，一直延续到这一过去时刻，并可能延续下去。
   e.g. She had made much progress since she came here.

常与过去完成时连用的时间标志词

by/by the end of + 过去时间： by that time，by the end of last week
before + 过去的时间: before 2020
when/before/by the time +过去动作： before I got up，when I woke up

过去完成时的结构

1. 肯定句：主语+had +过去分词+其他 e.g. She had read two books before last week.
2. 否定句：主语+had + not +过去分词+其他 e.g. She had not read two books before last week.
3. 一般疑问句：had+主语+现在分词+其他？e.g. Had she read two books before last week?
   1. 肯定回答：Yes，主语+had. e.g. Yes, she had.
   2. 否定回答：No，主语+had+not. e.g. No, he had not.
4. 特殊疑问句：
   1. 对主语部分提问：特殊疑问词（who） + had +过去分词+其他？
      e.g. Who had read 10 books before last week?
   2. 对非主语部分提问：特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句？
      e.g. How many books had she read before last week？

过去完成时和其他时态的区别

1. 过去完成时和一般过去时
   时间状语不同，过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。e.g. They had arrived in Beijing before last week.
2. 过去完成时和现在完成时
   过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经完成或一直延续到过去某一时间的动作；现在完成时表示从过去某一时间开始延续到现在货对现在造成某种影响的动作。
   e.g. He had been ill for three days before he came back.

从句中的过去完成时

1. 在宾语从句中，当主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。
   e.g. He said he had seen the film.
   注意：此情况通常用于asked，said，told，knew，thought，heard等动词后的宾语从句。
2. 在定语从句中，当主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。
   e.g. I return the book that I had borrowed.
3. 在when，before，by the time等引导等时间状语从句中，出现两个过去不同时间发生的动作，发生在前的动作用过去完成时；发生在后的动作用一般过去时。
   e.g. When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.

过去完成时综合训练

My uncle ——– (tell) me what had happened to him last Friday. In the morning, he overslept because his alarm clock didn’t work. When he woke up, it was already half past seven. He went out of the house without breakfast to catch the bus. Unluckily, the first bus had left before he ————(arrive). So he had to wait for another twenty minutes. Of course, he was late for work. When he arrived at the office, all the workers in the office ——— (work) for two hours. It made him feel so embarrassed. At lunchtime, he went to the dining hall for lunch. When his food was served, he found he ———- (lose) his wallet. He had no choice but——— (borrow) some money from one of his colleagues（同事）.

In the afternoon, he went back home by riding a shared bike. When he got downstairs, he found the lift was broken, so he had to climb up to the fifteenth floor. It took him about twenty minutes to get to the door of his house. He was so tired that he just wanted to lie down and rest. He was about to open the door with the key when he realised he ——– (leave) his key in the basket of the shared bike on the ground floor. So he walked downstairs for the key. When he got the key, he found the lift had been fixed.

难点突破

• The AI was personalized, so when it ——– (learn) from one person but it was tested on another, it couldn’t understand their thoughts.
• When answering her questions about what I ———– (learn) in my travels, I told Nicole that travel had greatly improved my ability to “read” people and situations.