3.6 现在完成时

定义

1. 表示从过去开始，延续到现在，并可能延续下去的动作或状态。e.g. I have been a chef for two years.
2. 表示过去已发生的动作对现在造成某种影响。e.g. I have already finished my lunch.

常与现在完成时连用的时间标志词

for+时间段： for two years
since + 过去的时间点/从句: since 2016，since I helped him.
其他： so far，in the past/last … months/years，already，yet，twice，…times，ever

现在完成时的结构

1. 肯定句：主语+have/has +过去分词+其他 e.g. Mary has seen the film before.
2. 否定句：主语+have/has + not +过去分词+其他 e.g. Mary has not seen the film before.
3. 一般疑问句：Have/has+主语+现在分词+其他？e.g. Has Mary seen the film before?
   1. 肯定回答：Yes，主语+was/were. e.g. Yes, she has.
   2. 否定回答：No，主语+was/were+not. e.g. No, he hasn’t.
4. 特殊疑问句：
   1. 对主语部分提问：特殊疑问词（who） + have/has +过去分词+其他？
      e.g. Who has seen the film before？
   2. 对非主语部分提问：特殊疑问词 + have/has +主语+过去分词+其他？
      e.g. What has Mary seen before？

一般过去时和现在完成时的区别

一般过去时和现在完成时的动作都与过去有关。现在完成时强调动作对现在产生影响或持续到现在，与现在有关系；而一般过去时则表示与现在无关。
e.g. He has worked in a factory for two years. （现在还在工厂）
e.g. He worked in a factory two years ago. （现在不在工厂了）

have gone to & have been to & have been in

1. have gone to + 地点，意为“已经去了某地”，现在还没有回来。
   e.g. He isn’t here. He has gone to London.
2. have been to + 地点，意为“曾经去过某地”，现在已经回来了，常与次数连用。
   e.g. He has been to London three times.
3. have been in + 地点，意为“在某地待了多久”，常与时间段连用。
   e.g. He has been in London for two years.
   注意：若地点是here，there，home，abroad等副词时，需去掉介词to或in。

非延续性动词（词组）和延续性动词（词组）

在现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语（for+时间段，since+时间点，how long等）连用，若要连用，需将其转化为延续性动词。
非延续性： buy，borrow/lend，finish，leave，die
延续性： have，keep，be over，be away，be dead

现在完成时综合训练

1. She has ——– (borrow) the book for more than three weeks.
2. The Whites ——– (live) in this town since they moved here ten years ago.
3. She’s ———- (buy) the new phone since last week.
4. He is still sad though his pet dog ———– (die) for five years.

Zhong Wei is a 46-year-old husband and father. He ——– (live) in Wenzhou for the last 13 years. With a hard job in a factory, he doesn’t find much time to visit his hometown.
Many people like Zhong Wei are ——– (interest) in how their hometowns have changed. Large hospitals and new roads ——— (appear) since 1996. In many places, the government ——– (build) new schools and sent teachers from the cities to help.
“I noticed that’s true of my hometown,” adds Zhong Wei. “Children ——– (learn) to read and count at my old primary school since the mid-20th century. But now the buildings are ——–(real) old. I hear they’re going to build a new school there,” Zhong Wei said.
According to Zhong Wei, however, some things will never change. “In my hometown, there was a big old tree. Most of the children in my time liked to play together under that big tree. Our hometown ——- (leave) many soft and sweet memories in our hearts.”

难点突破

• The Weifang government has ——- (encourage) local people to learn traditional handicraft and make more money to get rid of poverty.
• So far, Tech-Help has ——- (donate) more than 2,000 smart TV sets to different families across the country.
• Since the database was set up, the Woodland Trust has ——- (add) over 180,000 trees, but it believes there are many more to be found.
• He ——- (have) there three times because he enjoys the local scenery.