7.2 宾语从句
宾语从句引导词
【介词+宾语】Tom is fond of Chemistry.
【主谓宾结构】Tom likes Chemistry.
宾语从句：在句中担当宾语的从句。
宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可做介词的宾语
【动词宾语】He asks Tom how long Mike has been here.
【介词宾语】Miss Li is angry at what you said.
宾语从句为陈述句时，引导词通常用that，无实在意义，一般情况下可省略。
- I don’t know (that) he is leaving for the US.
- I think (that) you are right.
注意：以下情况that不可省略。
- and连接两个或多个宾从，第二个以及后面的宾从中that不可省略。
- Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.
- that引导的宾从做except，in， but，bedside等少数介词的宾语时，that不可省略。
- I know nothing about him except that he is from the south of China.
- 主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。
- He told me, believe it or not, that he would win the game.
- that引导的宾语从句中又含有从句时，that一般不可省略。
- I think that if you study hard, you will pass the test.
从句为一般疑问句时，引导词用if或whether，意为“是否”。
一般情况下if和whether可互换。
I wonder whether/if I should speak highly of Tom on this occasion.
He seems to care if/whether we like him.
但以下几种情况只能用whether：
- 当从句中有or/or not时，只能用whether。
- I want to know whether we are going to hold the sports meet or not.
- It does not matter whether you win or lose.
- 引导词后为动词不定式时，只能用whether。
- I don’t know whether to hold the autumn sports meeting next month.
- 从句作介词的宾语时，只能用whether。
- I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.
- He is interested in whether you will accept his invitation.
从句为特殊疑问句时，引导词用特殊疑问词，经常有who，whom，whose，what，which，when，where，how，why，whoever，whatever，wherever，whenever。
- I want to know why you don’t like studying.
- I cannot remember what you like to do.
- Tom doesn’t care wherever you will go.
- He asked me where he could get such laptop.
宾语从句语法规则
- 宾语从句的语序一般为称述语序，即主语+谓语+…
- Do you know when we are going to hold the Christmas party?
- Could you tell me what you are going to be when you grow up?
- Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me where the nearest bank is?
- 从句为疑问句，但语序保持不变的有：
- what’s wrong/the matter (with sb.)
- Do you know what’s the matter with Mr. Wang?
- The teacher asked me what was wrong with Tom.
- what happened (to sb.)/what has happened
- The teacher asked me what happened to Tom.
- Do you know what happened on the street?
- which is the way to…
- Could you tell me which is the way to the Nanhu Park?
- I know which is the way to our school.
- who’s on duty?/What is in the box?
- The teacher asked who was on duty.
- My mother wondered what was in the box.
- 总结：当疑问代词在宾语从句中本身作主语时，语序不变。
- Nobody knows which is the best.
- I wonder who made Mary angry.
- what’s wrong/the matter (with sb.)
- 当主句是一般现在时，主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think，consider，suppose，believe，expect，guess，imagine等表达个人观点的动词时，如果宾从中含有not时，需要把not提到主句谓语上，即主句动词变为否定。
- I don’t think he can do it better than I.
宾语从句时态规则
- 若主句的时态是一般现在时，则宾语从句该用什么时态就用什么时态。
- I don’t believe you won’t learn English well.
- Harry Potter knows what has happened to Hogwarts.
- Jack tells me that he likes you very much.
- 主句是一般过去时，从句可根据需要用相应的过去某种时态。（即一般过去时、过去将来时、过去完成时等）
- He asked me where I lived in 2005.
- She said that her grandfather had been ill for three days.
- Tom said that he would return soon.
- 当从句讲述的是客观事实或真理时，从句时态不受主句的影响，都用一般现在时。
- The teacher said “light travels faster than sound”.
- He said that the earth is round.
- Our teacher told us that January is the first month of the year.
- 特例：Could/Would you tell me…委婉的语气，常按照一般现在时处理。
- Could you tell me where the nearest hospital is?
- Would you please tell me what you are going to order?
- 如果宾语从句中有明确表示过的时间状语，不论主句用什么时态，从句一律用过去时。
- Maybe she will tell you that she came to work here in 2008.
- Our history teacher told us that the war broke out in the winter of 1945.
- 下列结构后面的从句一般也作为宾语从句看待：be sorry/afraid/sure/glad+that从句。
- I‘m sorry (that) I’m late.
- I’m afraid (that) Tom isn’t at home at the moment.