5.1 非谓语【不定式】

非谓语动词的定义及形式

非谓语动词,又叫非限定动词,在句子中充当谓语以外的其他句子成分。非谓语动词的主要形式包括动名词、分词(现在分词和过去分词)和动词不定式(如to do/doing/done)。

逻辑纬度交叉

不定式表目的(to achieve)、分词表伴随(holding)、动名词表过程(by doing…)形成三维表达框架,突破传统主从复合句的线性限制。

动词不定式的构成

动词不定式由“(to)+ 动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not(to)+ 动词原形”。

动词不定式的特征

  • 动词不定式可以跟宾语,也可以有状语修饰。
    • She asked me to read this word aloud.
  • 没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。
    • She wants to drink water.
    • I am sorry to have done that.
  • 具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
    • To know oneself is difficult.

不定式作主语

不定式作主语时,相当于名词或代词所起的作用,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

  • To see is to believe.
    作主语的不定式较长时,常用it作形式主语,然后将真正的主语不定式后置
  • 句型结构为”It is… to do sth.”。
    it作形式主语的常见句型如下:
句型示例
It is + 形容词 + to do sth.It is very happy to live in the small town.
It is + 名词 + to do sth.It is our duty to keep our classroom clean.
It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth.It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.
It is very kind of you to help me.
It takes sb. + 时间 + to do sth.It takes me half an hour to walk here.
辨析助记:“It is + 形容词 + for/of sb. to do sth.”的用法:形容词描述to do用for;形容词描述sb.用of。
  • 作主语;常用it作形式主语,真正的主语动词不定式后置。
    • To learn English is useful. = It is useful to learn English.
    • 补充:常考动词不定式作形式主语的句型
    • It is/was + adj. + (for/of sb.) + to do sth.
    • It’s time (for sb.) to do sth.

动词不定式作宾语

分类用法示例
作动词
的宾语
位于某些及物动词后He pretended not to see me.
当动词不定式后有宾语补足语时,常用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语动词不定式后置I find it hard to pass this exam.
作介词
的宾语
用于“特殊疑问词+不定式”结构They are talking about how to protect the environment.
  • 补充:后接动词不定式作宾语的动词(短语):
    • decide,plan,choose,ask,manage,offer,fail,expect,prepare,help,promise,refuse,agree,dare,hope,want,demand,pretend,intend,determine。
  • 口诀助记:同意提出做计划(agree、offer、intend/plan),要求承诺来帮忙(demand/ask、promise、help),准备决定遭拒绝(prepare、decide、refuse),敢于选择有希望(dare、choose、hope/want/expect),不能做到莫假装(fail、pretend),设法做成决心坚(manage、determine)。

动词不定式作宾语补足语

不定式作宾语补足语,位于宾语之后,表示宾语的动作或状态
其结构为“动词+sb.+to do sth.”
My father advised me to take more exercise.

  • 补充:后接动词不定式作宾补的动词(短语):
    • tell,advise,warn,invite,except,encourage,ask,help,teach,allow,wish,persuade,order,want/would like

不定式作目的状语

作状语:表示目的、原因、结果。
Mary drinks milk every day to grow tall.
不定式作状语表目的可搭配in order to或so as to,后跟不带to的不定式。
We’ll hold a meeting in order to solve the problem.

动词不定式的其他句法功能

  • 作定语:放在被修饰词后,相当于定语从句。
    • Suzhou is a good place to visit.
  • 作表语:常位于系动词后,表示主语的具体动作或目的。
    • Her job is to teach children painting.

与疑问词连用的动词不定式

动词不定式与疑问代词和疑问副词连用what、which、where、how和when等,起名词的作用,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等。
How to get the information is a big problem.
Could you tell me how to get to the park?

不带to的动词不定式

  • 在主动语态中,感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式,需要省略to。
    • Tom’s father makes him clean the window.
    • 补充:常考作宾补省略to的动词不定式的动词(短语):
    • feel,hear,listen to,let,make,have,see,watch,notice,look at,observe
  • had better,would rather后的动词不定式也需省略to,help后的to可省略也可不省略。
    • I would rather have Chinese food.
  • 两个或两个以上的动词不定式短语并列时,后面的动词不定式通常省略to。
    • The teacher asked me to read this word and spell it.
用法示例
感官动词(词组)feel、hear、listen to、look at、see、watch和notice后作宾语补足语的不定式在主动语态中省略to;被动语态中省略的to要还原I watch her get into the car.
使役动词make、let和have后作宾语补足语的不定式在主动语态中省略to;被动语态中省略的to要还原I would have him wait at the gate of the park.
动词help后作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可省略to,也可以不省略;被动语态中省略的to要还原Mother helped me do my homework.
多个不定式并列时,通常只有第一个不定式需带to,其余不定式可省略toHe told me to stay there and wait for him.
except和but表示“除了······”,若其前有动词do的任何形式则省略to,反之则不省略I had no choice but to wait.
We have nothing to do but wait.
某些固定搭配:
Why not do sth.? 为什么不做某事呢?
had better (not) do sth. 最好(不)做某事
would rather (not) do sth. 宁愿(不)做某事
Why not ask the teacher?

不定式的常用搭配

常用搭配含义示例
too+形容词/副词+to do sth.太······而不能做某事He is too young to write.
形容词/副词+enough+to do sth.足够······可以做某事She is old enough to go to school.
would like to do sth.想要做某事We would like to go to the zoo.
It’s time to do sth.是时候做某事It’s time to get up.
prefer to do A rather than do B宁愿做A也不愿做BI prefer to do my homework rather than watch that boring movie.

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