2.1 陈述句
句子分类
- 简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。
- 按照使用目的和交际功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
- 按照结构可分为简单句、并列复合句和主从复合句。
种类 | 用法 | 举例 |
---|---|---|
陈述句 | 陈述一个事实或说话人看法 | She was late for class. |
疑问句 | 提出疑问 | What shall I do next? |
感叹句 | 说话时的惊异、喜悦、气愤等情感 | How fine it is today? |
祈使句 | 请求、命令、叮嘱、号召等 | Be careful, please! |
陈述句的肯定形式
- 主语+实义动词+其他。e.g. The sun rises in the east.
- 主语+系动词+其他。e.g. These are his books.
- 主语+助动词+动词原形/分词+其他。 e.g. We will know the result tomorrow.
- 主语+情态动词+动词原形+其他。e.g. She can speak English well.
称述句的否定形式
- 主语+系动词/助动词/情态动词+not+其他 e.g. These aren’t his books.
- 用否定代词或副词否定 e.g. He never tells a lie.
[!NOTE] 谓语动词含有be动词或情态动词
直接在be动词或情态动词后加否定not即构成否定句。
- He is a teacher.
- 【否定】He is not a teacher.
- I can swim.
- 【否定】I cannot swim.
[!NOTE] 谓语动词是实义动词
借助助动词do+not来构成, 若主语是单数第三人称则用does+not+动词原形。
- I like English.
- 【否定】I do not like English.
- He likes English.
- 【否定】He does not like English.
含否定前后缀词的句子的肯定
含否定前后缀的词,不视为否定词,不改变陈述句本身的否定。e.g. Lucy is careless.
常见否定前后缀:dislike,disagree,unhappy,unimportant,hopeless,useless
宾语从句的否定转移
主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,expect等,且主句的主语是第一人称和一般现在时时,从句的否定一般要转移到主句上来。
e.g. I don’t think you are right. 我认为你不对。
全部否定、部分否定与半否定
- 全部否定
具有完全否定意义的词构成完全否定,如no(不,没有),none(没有一个),nobody(没有人),nothing(没有东西),never(从不),neither(两者都不),without(没有)。
e.g. Neither of us likes this kind of food. - 部分否定
有总结性含义的代词、限定词或副词,如all,both,every,always等,与not连用时,表示部分否定。
e.g. Not all birds can fly. - 半否定
半否定表示整个句子的意思接近于否定,如hardly(几乎不),seldom(很少),little(几乎没有),few(几乎没有),nearly+否定词(几乎没有),almost+否定词(几乎不)
e.g. He hardly watches TV.
肯定句和否定句的转换
- 含系动词/助动词/情态动词的句子变否定,直接在系动词/助动词/情态动词后面加not。
- She is a teacher. – She isn’t a teacher.
- I have finished my homework. – I haven’t finished my homework.
- He can play football. – He can’t play football.
- 含实义动词的句子变否定,借助助动词do/does/did,在助动词后加not,实义动词变为原形。
- He got up early yesterday. – He didn’t get up early.
- 其它需要一同变否定的词
肯定句 | 否定句 | 肯定句 | 否定句 |
---|---|---|---|
some | any | many | few |
both | neither | much | little |
both…and… | neither…nor… | and | or |
all | none | already | yet |