词法|06 副词
6.0 副词
[!NOTE] 副词的种类
时间副词 | afterwards, eventually, recently, lately, soon, then, now, at once, since then, till, before, early, immediately |
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地点副词 | 地点副词分为指方向的地点副词和指位置的地点副词 down, from, in, on, over, out of, round, away, up, here, there, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere |
频度副词 | always, continually, frequently, occasionally, often, once, repeatedly, sometimes, usually ever, never, rarely, seldom |
程度副词 | absolutely, almost, barely, completely, enough, entirely, extremely, fairly, far, hardly, just, much, nearly, only, quite, rather, really, scarcely, so, too, very |
方式副词 | 表示动作行为的方式。这类副词并不像其他副词那样数目较为固定,方式副词在数目上是不固定的,因为它可以由相应的形容词加-ly构成。 bravely, calmly, fast, happily, hard, well, intentionally |
句子副词 | 这样的副词用来修饰整个句子,而非句子中的谓语动词。通常表达说话人的观点。 actually, apparently, certainly, clearly, evidently, obviously, probably, undoubtedly, definitely, primarily, chiefly, basically, mainly, principally, fundamentally, normally, hopefully Basically I am an optimistic person. I don’t normally come to work on weekends. |
[!important] 副词的其他位置
(1)几个副词出现的句末时,一般采用如下顺序:方式副词+地点副词+时间副词
a. She sang an English song nicely in the auditorium last night.
b. She checked the accounts carefully in the office this morning.
**(2)确定性副词和不确定性副词,如:probably,possibly,perhaps,certainly,definitely,surely等,通常不用于句末,而是用于句首和句中。其中,perhaps和surely多用于句首。
a. He has probably not been there before.
b. I definitely know how to deal with this matter.
定义:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词。
副词的种类
- 时间副词-表示大体时间:
- now, then, yesterday, today, tonight, before, just, now, recently, so far
- 表示频率:
- always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never
- 其它作用:
- already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, immediately, at first, at last, finally
- 地点副词-表地点:
- here, there, home, abroad, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere.
- 表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):
- above, below, round, around, down, up, in, out, inside, outside, across, back, along, over away, near, off, past.
- 方式副词表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):
- badly, bravely, gratefully, calmly, carefully, carelessly, nervously, proudly, patiently
- 程度副词多数用来修饰形容词或副词:
- much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, completely, nearly, almost, hardly
- 疑问副词构成特殊疑问句:
- how, when, where, why
- 连接副词连接主语、宾语或表语从句:
- how, when, where, why
- 关系副词引导定语从句:
- when, where, why
- 其它性质的副词对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:
- frankly(坦率地说,说真的)
- generally(一般说来)
- luckily(幸运地是)
- first of all(首先)
副词的用法
- 修饰动词作状语
- 多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语之后:
- The farmers are working hard in the field.
- She speaks English well.
- The nurse looks after the babies carefully.
- 频率副词放在动词前,系动词、情态动词和助动词之后:
- He always goes to school on foot.
- She was often late for school.
- I have never been to Beijing.
- 修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前:
- He has a very nice watch.
- The box is too heavy.
- 修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前:
- She paints quite well.
- You speak too fast. I can’t understand you.
- 作表语,放在系动词后:
- He isn’t in at the moment.
- 作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后:
- I saw him out just now.
- 注意“动词+副词”的词组结构后接代词作宾语时,则代词要放在副词之前:
- You must write down the word.
- You mush write it down.
- 疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首:
- Finally, I finished the work.
- Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.
- 表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后:
- He is old enough to go to school.
部分副词的辨析
- much too和too much:前者表示“太,太过”,修饰形容词或副词;后者表示“太多的”,修饰事物的数量。
- The car is much too expensive.
- Tom drinks too much orange.
- fast和soon:前者往往指的是运动速度快,后者则表示时间上很快即将发生。
- Tom runs much faster than a bike.
- Tom’s father will come back to China soon.
- later和after:前者的结构是“一段时间+later”,表示多久以后,主要用于过去时态;后者的结构是“after+某个时刻”表示在某个时刻之后,after在这里是介词。
- A few years later, the boy become a famous scientist.
- After a few years, Tom went abroad.
- very和enough:前者表示“非常”放在形容词和副词之前,后者表示“足够的,十分”放在形容词和副词之后。
- She is very old in this team.
- She is old enough to attend this class.
6.1 程度副词
[!NOTE] 程度副词
表示动作发生的大小和程度,绝大多数程度副词是用来修饰形容词、副词或动词的。有些还可以修饰名词。(1)程度副词的种类
absolutely, almost, completely, enough, entirely, extremely, fairly, far, just, much, nearly, only, rather, really, so, too, very, quite
表示否定:barely, scarcely, hardly
(2)程度副词在句中的位置:放在它所修饰的词之前
1)一般直接放在所修饰的对象之前。
修饰形容词
a. You are absolutely wrong.
b. I’m almost ready.
修饰动词:
c. You can hardly expect her to be kind to you.
d. I really like English.
修饰副词:
e. He speaks English quite well.
既然程度副词是放在所修饰的对象前面,在一个句子里,就会因为程度副词位置的不同而导致句义发生变化。
a. Only I saw him at the party last night. (Nobody else saw him.)
b. I Only saw him at the party last night. (I didn’t talk to him.)
c. I saw Only him at the party last night. (I didn’t see any other friends.)
d. I saw him Only at the party last night. (I didn’t see him at other places.)
e. I saw him at the party only last night. (I didn’t see him until last night.)
2)enough的特殊用法
enough是个例外,它要放在所修饰的形容词或副词之后。
a. He is not old enough to go to school.
b. He didn’t work quickly enough.
3)barely,scarcely,hardly不能与否定词连用。
Because of his hearing loss, he scarcely hears me when I speak.
注意与否定频度副词rarely区别开来。
He rarely attends class.
**(3)可修饰名词的程度副词
quite, only, even, particularly, especially, almost, rather
- quite some time
- quite an expert
- rather a bore
- rather a shame
- 注意:quite要置于a/an之前,rather可用在a/an前面或后面
- quite a nice day
- rather a long way/a rather long way
- I didn’t expect to see him. It was quite a surprise.
- Vegetables, especially spinach, are good for health.
- He is almost a child.
- Even a boy knows the answer.
- I can speak only English.
6.2 地点副词
[!NOTE] 地点副词
表示动作发生的地点或方位。(1)地点副词的种类
1)表示方向的地点副词
away, down, in, off, on, over, out, round, up
2)表示位置的地点副词
here, there, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, everywhere
表示地点的介词短语:in the park, at home, in the street
(2)地点副词在句中的位置
1)方向地点副词一般用于“位置地点副词/介词短语”之前。
- He often walks around in the garden after supper.
2)两个表示位置的介词短语连用时,较大的地点位于句末。
- He works in a foreign-funded company in Beijing.
3)方向地点副词away,down,in,off, on,over,out,round,up,还有here,there可以用于倒装结构而放在句首。这时可以有两种倒装结构:
1)副词+动态动词+名词主语
a. Here comes the teacher.
b. There goes your bus.
c. Round and round flew the plane.
d. Down came the rain.
2)副词+代词主语+动态动词。
e. Away they went.
f. Here he comes.
4)与上面的倒装结构类似,down,from,in,on,over,out of,round,up等用作介词时,引导的表示地点的介词短语用在句首,句子采用全部倒装结构(介词短语+动词+主语)
a. From the trees hang a lot of monkeys.
b. Down the street stand a lot of shops.
c. On the table sits a cat.
d. On the ground lies a man whose legs are broken.
[!important] 总体来看,地点副词在句中有两种位置:
1)一般位于句末。
2)对于一些特定的副词和副词短语,可用于倒装结构而置于句首。
6.3 方式副词
[!NOTE] 方式副词
表示动作行为的方式,方式副词一般只修饰动词,是动词专用的。(1)方式副词的种类
这类副词并不像其他副词那样数目较为固定,方式副词在数目上是不固定的,因为它可以由相应的形容词加-ly构成。
bravely, calmly, fast, happily, hard, well, intentionally
(2)方式副词在句中的位置
1)方式副词主要是用来修饰动词的,它的位置通常在动词后边。
a. He ran fast.
b. He went away quickly.
2)当动词带有宾语时,因为宾语是主要元素,因此宾语在前,副词后置。
a. I can’t speak English well.
b. He can finish the job quickly.
3)若动词后边所接的成分很长,为避免副词和它所修饰的动词之间距离太遥远,往往把副词放在动词前面
a. He firmly believes that he will succeed.
b. He firmly keeps in mind what she said.
c. I happily pronounce you husband and wife.
d. He earnestly recommended me to adopt that method of learning English.
e. He passionately kissed the girl he met for the first time on the train.
4)在“动词+介词+宾语”结构里,方式副词可用于宾语后或介词前。
a. The class is listening to the teacher carefully.
b. The class is listening carefully to the teacher.
5)方式副词要放在被动分词之前
a. I was badly paid in that company after I had just graduated.
b. When do you think you will have completely finished?
c. The party was very successfully organized.
d. He organized the party very successfully.
【错】He very successfully organized the party.
6.4 频度副词
[!NOTE] 频度副词
表示动作发生的频率或次数。(1)频度副词的种类
1)表示确切频率的副词或短语
daily, weekly, monthly, yearly/annually, twice a week/month/year
2)表示不确切频率的副词
表示肯定:always, often, usually, sometimes, occasionally, frequently, continually, repeatedly, once, ever
表示否定:never, rarely, seldom
(2)频度副词在句中的位置
1)表示不确切频率的副词通常是用在句中的。而其在句中的确切位置,还与句中的动词形式有关。
1)用在实义动词之前,be(am,is,are,was,were)动词和助动词(will,should,have)之后。
a. I often do some shopping on weekends.
b. She is often late for school.
c. I have never seen him since we parted.
2)若句中的谓语动词由多个部分组成,比如:will be done,should have done等,这时副词一般要放在第一个助动词之后。
a. This project will never be finished.
b. You should never have trusted him.
3)在加强语气等句子中,我们一般是把副词放在第一个助动词之前或be动词之前。
a. Practicing so hard, you really will succeed as a pianist.
b. -As a teacher, you should always be patient with students.
-I always have been patient.
4)在只有助动词而省去了实义动词的句子中,副词一定要放在这个助动词之前
a. -You should have know better than to trust him. – I never will.
b. -Can you find a place to park your car in the street? – Yes, I usually can.
c. Plenty of teenagers with computer skills are skipping school, or at least deferring for a few years. But while some kids have found decent incomes without college, most never will.
副词也要用在省略了表语的be动词之前
– I hear that his American girlfriend used to be his English teacher.
– No, she never was.
2)表示确切频率的副词一般只能用于句末。
a. Milk is delivered daily.
b. We have meetings twice a week.
c. They will be paid yearly.
3)上述表示不确切频率的副词,有些也可以用于句首或句末。
Often/Sometimes/Usually I work late into the night.
often一般不单独放在句末,而须加very或quite修饰。
a. He comes late for school quite often.
b. Often he comes late for school.
c. He often comes late for school.
4)always可在句末,但不能放在句首,除非用在祈使句中。
a. You always make the same mistakes.
b. You make the same mistakes always.
但在祈使句中,我们说:
Always remember not to argue with your boss.
5)在否定句中的频度副词
在否定句中,有些频度副词位于not之前,有的频度副词位于not之后。这主要是从意思上来判断。一般来说,always要放在not之后(not always);而often,sometimes,usually要放在not之前。
a. He doesn’t always leave before 6 o’clock, sometimes he works until 8 o’clock.
b. His wife complains that he sometimes doesn’t listen to her.
c. The history lectures sometimes aren’t interesting.
6)否定频度副词never,rarely,seldom有两点须注意:
1)不能再与否定词not连用。
He seldom goes out at night.【错】He doesn’t seldom go out at night.
2)一般只用在句中。若放在句首,则句子要用部分倒装。
a. I have never heard such a story.
b. Never have I heard such a story.
[!important] 总体来看,频度副词在句中的位置,应注意以下几点:
1)表示不确切频率的副词通常用在句中,其在句中的具体位置又与句中的谓语动词形式有关。
2)表示确切频率的副词一般只用在句末。
3)要注意否定词语频度副词连用的位置关系。
6.5 时间副词
[!NOTE] 时间副词
表示动作发生的时间。(1)时间副词的种类
1)表示确切时间的副词
yesterday, today, now, tomorrow
2)表示不确切时间的副词
already, recently, lately, before, soon, then, afterwards
3)表示时间的副词短语
this morning, last night, in the morning/afternoon/evening, a week ago, three months ago, at once, in a while, in recent days.
(2)时间副词的句中的位置
1)表示确切时间的副词和表示时间的短语一般不能用于句中,它们可用于句首或句末。用在句末更常见(尤其是在祈使句中只能用于句末)
- Tomorrow I’m leaving for Beijing on a business trip.
- 【或】I’m leaving for Beijing on a business trip tomorrow.
- 【错】I’m tomorrow leaving for Beijing on a business trip.
- I saw him a week ago.
- A week ago I saw him.
- Come to my office this afternoon.
2)表示不确切的时间副词可用于句首、句中或句末。
- I’ve recently been busy.
- Recently I’ve been busy.
- I’ve been busy Recently .
- Very soon we’ll be there.
- We’ll be there very soon.
- We’ll very soon be there.
3)before,early,immediately,late通常位于句末
- I have never heard such a story before.
- He came to school late.
[!important] 总体来看
1)时间副词一般可用在句首,也可用在句末。而通常我们把时间副词放在句末较为保险。
2)能用与句中的时间副词不多。
3)在祈使句中时间副词只能用于句末。
6.6 句子副词
[!NOTE] 句子副词
这样的副词通常放在句首,用来修饰整个句子,而非句子中的谓语动词。通常表达说话人的官邸或说话的角度。(1)表明说话的角度
比如如果有人说这样一句话:A thousand years is a short time.我们一定会觉得不太符合正常思维逻辑。但是,我们只要在句首加上一个句子副词,来说明我们是从什么角度说这句话的,就能增加这句话的合理性。
a. Geologically, a thousand years is a short time. (geologically修饰后面的句子)
我们通常用有关学科的副词来表达说话者的角度。如:economically,objectively,philosophically, scientifically,nutritionally。
b. Scientifically, the experiment was a success.
c. Geologically, five years may not be much, but in Internet time, it constitutes an entire history.
(2)表达说话人的态度
actually, apparently, certainly, clearly, evidently, obviously, presumably, probably, undoubtedly, definitely, primarily, chiefly, basically, mainly, principally, fundamentally, normally, hopefully
a. Frankly, I think he is dishonest.
b. Obviously you are wrong.
c. Basically, I am an optimistic person.
句子副词大多数情况放在句首,不过放在句中也不少见。但很少放在句末。
e. I am basically an optimistic person.
g. I don’t normally come to work on weekends.
(3)位置不一样可能会导致意思变化
a. Happily, he didn’t die.
b. He didn’t die happily.
c. They answered the questions foolishly.
d. Foolishly, they answered the questions.