词法｜05 形容词
5.1 形容词
[!NOTE] 形容词在句中的位置
1）在一个名词短语中，形容词作定语修饰一个名词时，位置是：限定词+形容词+名词。
| 限定词 | 形容词 | 名词 |
|---|---|---|
| an | interesting | book |
| a | beautiful | smile |
| my | best | friend |
- I am reading an interesting book.
[!important] 注意
修饰something, anything, nothing, everything, somebody/someone, anybody/anyone, nobody/no one, everybody/everyone等不定代词的形容词要后置。
a. I have something important to say.
b. There is something wrong with my computer.[!note] 多个形容词修饰名词的词序问题
一个中心名词，若有多个形容词修饰，此时这些形容词前后位置关系要遵循一定的规则。
观点形容词（opinion adjective）+ 描绘形容词（descriptive adjective）扩展开来，名词短语中，名词前面修饰语的排序可能是：
限定词+观点形容词 +尺寸大小+形状+新旧+颜色+国籍/出处+质地材料+ 中心词
| 尺寸大小 size | 形状 shape | 新旧 age | 颜色 color | 国籍/出处 origin | 质地材料 material |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| large big small long | wide round square | new old ancient | white red yellow | Chinese American | wood stone gold |
- Li Bai is a famous ancient Chinese poet.
- This beautiful, big, old, red, Chinese wooden table was my grandmother’s.
[!NOTE] -ing和-ed结尾的两种形容词区别
1）-ing形容词主要是用来描述引起人某种感觉的事物。因此，句子主语通常是指事物或作定语修饰事物（指人的情况较少）。
2）-ed形容词主要是用来描述人的感觉。表示“人对事物产生某种感觉”，句子主语通常是指人或有情绪的动物，或用来修饰人或有情绪的动物，一般不指事物。
- an interesting story, the exciting news, The book is interesting.
- a frightened bird/boy, the annoyed man
- If a person is boring, he or she makes other people bored.
- The interesting children can make other people feel interested in them.
- 请思考比较a boring man 和 a bored man的区别。
定义：表示人和事物的特征，对名词或者代词起修饰和描绘作用。在句中通常充当定语、表语和宾语补足语。
- Tom is a happy boy.
- It is sunny today.
形容词的用法
- 作定语时，一般放在名词前面：
- China has a long history.
- 作表语时，放在系动词之后：
- Tom is tall.
- The price sounds reasonable.
- 作宾语补足语，放在宾语之后：
- We must keep out classroom clean.
- 修饰复合不定代词时放在其后：
- there is nothing wrong in this machine.
- Something serious has happened to her.
- 表示“长、宽、高、老”之类的词连用时，形容词后置：
- He is 1.9 meters tall.
- I am 18 years old.
- This wall is 10 meters wide.
部分形容词的辨析
- whole和all：注意词序，前者为the whole+名词，后者为all（of）the+名词。
- You are busy the whole week.
- I can remember all the words.
- good和well：表示“好”的时候，作定语或者表语用“good”，作状语用副词“well”；表示身体好的情况用形容词“well”。
- Doing sports is good for our health.
- Tom learns English well.
- —How are you?
- —I am very well.
- sick和ill：都可以表示“生病的”，但是前者作定语和表语，而后者ill只能作表语。
- Tom has been ill/sick for a long time.
- The pets’ owner always try their best to treat their sick pets.
- living 和alive：两者都有“活着的”意思，前者用法比较广，可指人指物，并且通常做定语；后者仅指人，通常做表语，如果做定语，则放在名词之后。
- All living matter undergoes the change of time.
- She was still alive after World War II.
- They are the happiest children alive.
5.2 形容词原级，比较级和最高级
[!NOTE] 比较级和最高级的构成形式
一般来说，形容词和副词具有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级的比较。多数形容词具有这三种等级比较，而对于副词来说，具有比较等级的只有方式副词、时间副词和频度副词。构成形容词和副词比较级和最高级的有两种方式：
1）在词尾加-er构成比较级，加-est构成最高级；
2）在形容词或副词前面加more构成比较级，加most构成最高级；[!NOTE] 单音节词变化规则
1）一般单音节词直接在词尾加-er和-est分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| bright | brighter | brightest |
| tall | taller | tallest |
| strong | stronger | strongest |
| long | longer | longest |
2）以-e结尾的单音节词，直接在词尾加-rhe-st分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| brave | braver | bravest |
| late | later | latest |
| large | larger | largest |
3）以-y结尾的单音节词应先变y为i，再加-er和-est分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| shy | shier | shiest |
4）以“一个元音+一个辅音”结尾的单音节词，要先双写词尾的辅音字母，然后再加-er和-est分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| fat | fatter | fattest |
| big | bigger | biggest |
| sad | sadder | saddest |
[!NOTE] 双音节词变化规则
1）以-y结尾的单音节词应先变y为i，再加-er和-est分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| happy | happier | happiest |
| early | earlier | earliest |
| silly | sillier | silliest |
| heavy | heavier | heaviest |
| pretty | prettier | prettiest |
| 其他类似词：angry, dirty, busy, easy, funny, lucky, tiny等。 |
[!important] 词尾-ly的不同
像slowly这样的副词中的-ly，不同于像early这样的形容词中的-ly。前者是后缀-ly（slow+ly=slowly），而后者是该词不可缺少的组成部分（并不是ear+ly=early）。
这种后缀-ly结尾的副词（尽管是以-y结尾的双音节词）通常是在词前加more和most来构成比较级和最高级。所以，slowly在构成比较级和最高级时，应为：more slowly和most slowly。
再比如strongly的比较级和最高级分别为：more strongly和most strongly。
2）其他绝大多数双音节词是在词前加more和most分别构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| tiring | more tiring | most tiring |
3）少数几个双音节词则分别可以用上述两种基本方法来构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| common | commoner/more common | commonest/most common |
| clever | cleverer/more clever | cleverest/most clever |
| shallow | shallower/more shallow | shallowest/most shallow |
| 这样常见的双音节词有： | ||
| common, cruel, friendly, funny, handsome, mature, noisy, pleasant, polite, quiet, stupid, tired | ||
| 以-ow结尾的词：hollow, narrow, shallow | ||
| 以-er结尾的词：clever, tender | ||
| 以-le结尾的词：feeble, gentle, noble | ||
| 值得一提，在英文中，几乎所有的双音节形容词（除了以-y结尾的词以外）都可以在其前加more和most来分别构成比较级和最高级。 |
[!NOTE] 多音节词变化规则
三个或更多音节的词都是在其前加more和most来构成比较级和最高级。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| interesting | more interesting | most interesting |
| excited | more excited | most excited |
| successful | more successful | most successful |
[!NOTE] 特殊形式的比较级和最高级
英文中有少数词的比较级和最高级的变化是不规则的，对于这些需要单独记忆。
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| good | better | best |
| bad/ill | worse | worst |
| far | farther/further | farthest/furthest |
| old | older/elder | oldest/eldest |
| little | less | least |
| many/much | more | most |
| late | later/latter | latest/last |
| up | upper | uppermost/upmost |
1）farther(farthest)/further(furthest)
这四个词都可以指实际的距离。不过，further（furthest）可用于抽象意义，表示“进一步，更多的，更深入的”，常与抽象名词连用。例如：
- further discussion
- This was the furthest concession that he would make.
2）older(oldest)/elder(eldest)
elder和eldest主要是用来表示家庭成员之间的长幼关系，而并非指年龄大小。而在有than的比较级句中一般不用elder，而要用older。例如
- my elder brother/sister
- his eldest son/daughter
- I am seven years older than Rex.
3）later(latter)/latest(last)
later一般用来表示时间上“较迟的”;
latter则是表示顺序上的“后者”，与“former（前者）”相对应;
latest意思是“最近的，最新的”，主要用来表示新近的事物;
last主要有两个意思，一是指“在目前之前的一个（the one or ones before the present one）”，或者指“一系列事物中的最后一个（after all others）”；
- I am on the phone right now. Could you call me later*?
- Like all ecological systems, a forest is made up of a living environment and a nonliving environment, the latter composed of air, rocks, soil and water.
- the latest fashions, the latest news
- What do you think of the writer’s latest novel?
- I like it much better than his last one.
[!NOTE] 不具有等级的形容词
英语中有一小部分形容词，表示绝对的含义，因此没有比较级和最高级形式。尽管这些词没有“等级差别”，但我们还是可以用下列一些表示“接近”的副词来修饰。比如：nearly，almost，the most closely， more nearly等。
| absolute | alone |
|---|---|
| dead | empty |
| equal | eternal |
| final | horizontal |
| perfect | primary |
| pregnant | round |
| single | square |
| straight | supreme |
| unique | unanimous |
- nearly perfect, almost fatal, nearly dead
5.3 形容词原级句型
[!NOTE] 形容词原级
1）表示原级比较的句型：
A+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B。2）在否定句中，我们还可以将第一个as用so来替换：
A+not so（或as）+形容词或副词原级+as+B。3）当我们要表示A是B的几倍或几分之几时，我们用句型：
A+几倍（three times）或几分之几（a third）as+形容词或副词的原级+as+B。4）我们还可用the same…as句型来表示原级比较。这时句子结构为：
A+the same+名词+as+B。
注意，在这个句型中，the same后面只能接名词，而非形容词。
- You are as lazy as she.
- The work is not as difficult as you think.
- He is not so/as clever as you.
- No other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth to public health as the United States does.
- This book is twice as thick as that one.
- The earth has a mass nearly one hundred times as much as that of the moon.
- I am as old as you.
- I am the same age as you. （【错】I am the same old as you.）
下面列出的是各种性质的形容词与其对应的名词。
| 形容词 | 名词 |
|---|---|
| big/small | size |
| old/young | age |
| high | height |
| deep/shallow | depth |
| long/short | length |
| wide/narrow | width |
| heavy/light | weight |
5.4 形容词比较级句型
[!NOTE] 形容词比较级
1）than的比较级句型：
1.在than前面必须有形容词或副词比较级形式；
2.被比较的两个对象应该是同类事物，即事物具有可比性。
常见句型：A+比较级+than+B。A和B一般是两个同类的、彼此独立的人或事物。
也可以某一事物自身相比，结构为：A+比较级+情形1+than+情形2.
- This question is less difficult than that question.
- He did much better in the finals this term than last term.
- Since it has been repaired, the machine works more efficiently than it did before.
[!important] 若被比较的对象不是彼此独立的人或事物
而是具有一事物包含另一事物这样的所属关系，此时我们要用other，else将其与整体区别开来，以免造成逻辑上的矛盾。
Iron is more useful than any other metal.
She works harder than any other student in her class.[!NOTE] 形容词比较级
2）比较级前一般不须加定冠词the，但在有介词短语“of the two”出现在比较级句子的时候，比较级前面必须加定冠词the。3）“more and more”双重比较来表示事物持续不断的变化。相当于汉语中“越来越······”。
【注意】more and more不可用在单音节词前，如不能说：more and more fat。在more and more结构中不能重复使用形容词或副词，如不能说：more beautiful and more beautiful。
- I think this painting is the more interesting of the two. (定冠词不能省去)
- 【比较】I think this painting is more interesting than that one.
- That female singer is getting fatter and fatter.
- The city is becoming more and more beautiful.
[!important] 可以修饰比较级的词
形容词的比较级前可以用以下词进行修饰：
a bit, a little bit, a little, a lot, a great deal, any, even, far, by far
much, very much, no, rather, still, slightly
【注意】这些词不用来修饰比较级：very，many，quite，fairly等。
- Are you feeling any better?
- Things are no better than before.
- He makes far fewer mistakes in spellings than before.
[!NOTE] 形容词比较级
5）“否定意义的词+比较级”来表达一个最高级的意思，这样的词有few，nothing，never，not等。另外，never与比较级连用，是在对这个比较级词进行强调，意思也相当于这个词的最高级。
- -How have you been? -It couldn’t be worse.
- Few are better qualified for the job than he is.
- I have never heard a better song.
- 【言外之意】This is the best song that I have ever heard.
5.5 形容词最高级句型
比较级一般是将彼此独立的人或事物进行比较；最高级则是把一个群体中的一员与该群体整体进行比较。其特点是：最高级用于两者以上的事物之间进行比较；
其一般结构为：the+形容词/副词最高级+比较范围。
[!NOTE] 最高级句型
1）the+形容词/副词最高级+in+地方
2）the+序数词+最高级+in+地方
3）the+形容词/副词最高级+of+所属范围；另外我们还可以把“of+范围”这一短语放置句首。
4）最高级前面定冠词the要与不要
1. 形容词最高级修饰名词用在名词之前，一般要加the。
2. 副词最高级前面定冠词the可以要也可以不要
3. most有时用在形容词前，并非表示最高级，而是表示“非常，很”之意，相当于“very，very much”。此时，most前面一般不用定冠词the。
- It is the most expensive car in the world.
- The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world.
- The Huanghe River is the second longest river in China.
- Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeded only by New York City and San Francisco.
- Certain zoologists regard crows the most intelligent of birds.
- The youngest of the family is most successful.
- Gold is the least useful of all metals.
- Of all metals, gold is the least useful.（“of+范围”这一短语放置句首）
- This is the most interesting book of all.
- He works hardest in his class.
- The story is most interesting.
5.6 形容词和副词比较级
使用方法
- 原级比较
- as…as…表示“和···一样” not so/as… as…表示“不像…一样”
- He is as smart as Tom.
- Bill is not so/as funny as his father.
- 注意：在该结构的两个as之间通常接形容词或副词的原级，但若涉及数量或程度，可用“as much+不可数名词+as” 和 “as many+可数名词复数+as”：
- You’ve made as many mistakes as I have.
- the same+名词+as…“同···一样”
- I have the same opinion as you.
- Lucy have the same long hair as my sister.
- as…as…表示“和···一样” not so/as… as…表示“不像…一样”
- 比较级结构
- 用于两者比较，表示“比···更···”：
- “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B”
- I am two years older than my little sister.
- “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B”
- She gets to school earlier than the other students.
- 表示某个范围内的两者相比：
- “A+系动词+the+比较级+of短语（比较范围）”
- Penny is the taller of the two girls.
- 表示“越来越···”
- “比较级+and+比较级”
- In spring the days are getting longer and longer.
- 表示”越···越···“：
- ”the+比较级···the+比计较“
- The more you practivce using English, the better you’ll learn it.
- The longer you stay in a store, the more things you will see.
- 可以用much, far,even, a bit, a little, a lot等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。
- Tom is a little taller than Mike.
- It is even colder today than yesterday.
- 注意：表示数量的more之前还可以加some，any，no，one，two等。
- I would like some more tea.
- He didn’t eat any more.
- 在比较级中，为了避免重复，可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。
- The weather here is much hotter than that of our hometown.
- The pants in this shop are a lof better than those in that shop.
- 用于两者比较，表示“比···更···”：
- 最高级结构
- 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。
- 形容词最高级前面加定冠词the，副词最高级前可加the，也可省掉the。
- 后面可带of/in短语来说明比较范围。
- 结构一：”A+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语“
- She is the youngest of all.
- The Changjiang River is the longest in China.
- 结构二：”A+谓语动词+（the）+最高级+of短语/in短语“
- Linda draws most carefully in her class.
- 比较等级的其他考点
- 当表示第一个不如第二个的时候，可使用这种表达方式；
- A+系动词+less+多音节形容词或者副词+than+B
- English is less difficult than maths.
- =English is easier than maths.
- ”more than/less than+数词“表示多于或者少于的意思；
- I lived in Beijing for more than 2 years.
- This watch is worth less than 10 dollors.
- ”one of the+最高级+名词复数“结构，谓语动词需要用单数形式；
- One of the oldest housed has been rebuilt.
- ”which/who+比较结构…，…or…？“句型问句中，如果有两个选项，则前面用比较级，如果有三个选项，则用最高级；
- Who has more pens, Lucy or Tom?
- Which is the most interesting, chess, football or baseball?
- 当表示第一个不如第二个的时候，可使用这种表达方式；
变化形式
形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
规则变化：
- 单音节和少数双音节词
- 一般在词尾加er或est
- great – greater – greatest
- young – younger – youngest
- slow – slower – slowest
- 以e结尾的只加r或st
- nice – nicer – nicest
- large – larger – largest
- 以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er或est。
- heavey – heavier – heaviest
- easy – easier – easiest
- busy – busier – busiest
- funny – funnier – funniest
- early – earlier – earliest
- 以重度闭音节结尾的词，先双写最末的一个辅音字母，再加er或est
- big – bigger – biggest
- thin – thinner – thinnest
- fat – fatter – fattest
- fit – fitter – fittest
- 一般在词尾加er或est
- 多音节和部分双音节词，前加more为比较级，加（the）most为最高级
- careful – more careful – most careful
- useful – more useful – most useful
- popular – more popular – most popular
- carelessly – more carelessly – most carelessly
不规则变化：
| 原级 | 比较级 | 最高级 |
|---|---|---|
| good 好的 | better 更好的 | best 最好的 |
| well 好；（身体）好的 | ||
| bad, badly 糟糕的，糟糕地 | worse更糟糕的，更糟糕地； | worst 最糟糕的，最糟糕地 |
| ill（身体）不舒服的 | （身体）更不舒服的 | （身体）最不舒服的 |
| many 许多的（可数） | more更多的，更 | most 最多的，最 |
| much 许多的（不可数）；非常 | ||
| little 少的 | less 更少的 | least 最少的 |
| far 远的；远地 | farther 更远的，更远地 | farthest 最远的，最远地 |
| further 进一步的（地） | furthest 最深刻的（地） |