词法｜03 冠词
3.1 名词的数量
[!NOTE] 常用数量词
| 可数/不可数名词 | 单/复数 | 量词 | 实例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 只接单数 | one each every | one boy each boy every boy | |
| 只与可数名词连用 | 只接复数 | two, three… both a couple of a few few several many a number of | two boys both boys a couple of boys a few boys few boys several boys many boys a number of boys |
| 只与不可数名词连用 | a little little much a great deal of a large amount of | a little water little water much water a great deal of water a large amount of water | |
| 与可数名词复数或不可数名词连用均可 | not any some a lot of lots of plenty of most all | not any boys not any water some boys some water a lot of boys a lot of water lots of boys lots of water most boys most water all boys all water |
[!NOTE] 数量词与of连用：数量词+of+特指限定词+名词
| 数量词 | 特指限定词 |
|---|---|
| all/most/some/any of+特指限定词+复数可数或不可数名词 a. Most books are interesting. b. Most of my/these/the/John’s books are interesting. | |
| many/a few/few/several/both/two/three of+特指限定词+复数可数名词 a. Many students are good at English. b. Many of these students are good at English. | 这里“特指限定词”包括：the, this, that, these, those, my, their, John’s等名词所有格。 |
| much/a little/little of +特指限定词+不可数名词 a. Much water is wasted. b. Much of the water is wasted. | |
| 其他数量词如：a lot of, lots of, a couple of, plenty of, a number of, a great deal of一般直接与名词连用。 a lots of books, a couple of days | |
| ==特别注意：== all/both的用法 【正确】All students are smart. All of my students are smart. All my students are smart. 【错误】All of students are smart. |
[!note] 数量词 a few, few, a little, little
1）与名词搭配：a few, few后面只能接可数名词复数；而a little, little后面只能接不可数名词。
例如：a few days, few boys, a little water, little money
2）肯定/否定之别：a few, a little意思是肯定的，相当于some，表示“有一些”。而few，little意思是否定的，表示“很少，几乎没有”。
例如：His theory is rather difficult; few people understand it.=…almost no people understand it.
3）与only或very搭配：我们只能说，only a little, only a few; 而不能说，only few，only little。但为了强调否定意义，我们可以说：very few，very little。
His theory is rather difficult and ( ) students can understand it.（答案：B）
A. only few B. only a few C. only little D. only a little
[!NOTE] 数量词some，any
1）从与名词搭配来看，some和any均可以与不可数名词和可数名词复数连用，表示“一些”。some一般用在肯定句中；而any一般用在否定句中。
Clint is busy. He always has some work to do. But John is lazy. He never does any work.
2）在疑问句中，我们多数情况下用any，但是在表示我们期待一个正面回答或要鼓励对方说“是”时要用some。
a. Have you got any medicine to cure your cough?
b. Would you like to give me some advice?
3）any可以表示“无论哪一个，任何一个”，此时可用于任何类型的句子中。
You can catch any bus. They all go to the railway station.
3.2 冠词
[!NOTE] 不定冠词a，an的位置
不定冠词a用在以辅音音素（并非辅音字母）开头的名词前；不定冠词an用在以元音音素开头的名词前。
An apple a day keeps the doctors away.
Telling lie is a fault in a boy, an art in a lover, an accomplishment in a bachelor, and second nature in a married man.[!note] 名词与冠词使用的重要技巧
1）单数可数名词：必须与冠词或其他限定词连用，不能单独使用。
the boy, a boy, his boy, the woman’s boy, a clever boy，一般不说boy。
2）复数名词和不可数名词：不能与不定冠词a(n)连用；复数名词或不可数名词在表示泛指时，不可用the。复数名词或不可数名词在表示特指时，要用the。
a. Life is hard sometimes.
b. Life is education in itself.
c. I love music, poetry and art.
d. I don’t like the film, but I like the music (of the film).
注意：表示特指的复数可数名词或不可数名词，一般带有各种短语或从句作后置定语，以限定这些名词所指的事物范围。
Put away the books on your desk.[!NOTE] 冠词的用法
1）第一次提到的单数可数名词前面用不定冠词a或an，这一名词再次出现则要用定冠词the。
2）在谈到说话人和听话人双方都知道的事物时，要用the。比如在自己家的房间里，我们要说the light，the floor, the door, the window, the carpet。
3）表示世界上独一无二的事物。the earth，the sky，the world。
4）形容词或副词最高级、序数词以及only用作形容词与名词连用时，它们前面一般要用the。
5）在乐器、乐团、合唱团及流行音乐团体前加the。注意，运动项目前不用the。如，play chess， play basketball/football。
- A man came up to a policeman and asked him a question. The policeman didn’t understand the question, so he asked the man to repeat it.
- Can you turn off the light, please? (=the light in our room)
- the only/best way to cope with the problem.
- This is the first time I’ve come to Beijing.
- The Beatles, play/learn the guitar, learn the piano.
[!NOTE] 何时不用冠词
1）表示独一无二的身份前一般不用冠词。
2）表示球类、棋类运动项目时不加冠词。
3）下列这些限定词彼此排斥，不能同时出现在名词前面。
a.冠词，b.物主形容词，c.指示形容词，d.名词属格
4）the在一些特殊的名词前省略：
nature（自然界），society（社会），space（星际），man（人类）
history（人类整个历史）
5）在一日三餐名词前不用冠词。
6）交通工具名词前不用冠词；但若用介词on，则须用冠词：on the train/plane/boat（特别注意：on foot不加冠词）。
7）在一些固定介词搭配中不用冠词。
face to face, arm in arm, hand in hand, shoulder to shoulder
side by side, inch by inch, day after day
- She is chairman of the committee.
- For the first time I am king of myself.
- If you destroy nature you will suffer for it.
- Man can conquer nature.
- History may repeat itself.
- We often have a big lunch and a nice dinner.
[!NOTE] school/the school
表示地点的名词如：
bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school
college, university, sea, work, office
当人们去这些地方做在这些地方应该做的事时，这些词前面不加冠词。因为这时这些名词只表示一种抽象概念，说话人并非特指具体的地点。如果我们去这些地方不是要做特定的事，而是由于其他原因，则要用the。
- His mother is in hospital and he has been in the hospital to take care of her.
[!NOTE] “泛指概念”的四种表达方式
1）不带the的不可数名词表示泛指。
2）不带the的复数可数名词表示泛指。
3）“the+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指（当然也可以表示特指）。
4）不定冠词“a/an+单数可数名词”可以表示泛指。当然也可以含有“one”这一数量意义。
- Gold is a metal.
- Bananas are yellow.
- The whale is the largest mammal on earth.
- I ate a banana this morning.
- A banana is yellow.
3.3 不定冠词的位置
- 不定冠词一般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前
- a bike
- an egg
- 当名词被such，what，many修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。
- He left in such a hurry that the forgot to close the door.
- What a dangerous job it is!
- Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.
- 当名词前的形容词前有so，how词时，不定冠词应放在形容词之后。
- She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.
- How nice a film this is!
3.4 不定冠词的用法
- 泛指一类人或物。
- This is ==a== pencil box.
- She’s ==a== doctor.
- 指不具体的某个人或物。
- I met ==an== old man on my way home.
- 用在序数词前，相当于another。
- There’s ==a== third boy near the shop.
- 表示“每一（个）”，相当于every。
- They have music lessons twice ==a== week.
- 固定搭配
- a lot of, a lot, a few, have a word with
- have a look, have a try, a quarter
- half an hour, have a talk, give a talk
- have a good time, have a cold
3.5 不用冠词的情况
- 名词前有指示代词this, that, these, those时不用冠词。
- That girl is my friend.
- 名词前有物主代词my, your, his, her, their等时不用冠词。
- Lucy is her sister.
- 名词前有whose, which, any, each, every等词时不用冠词。
- Which man is Mr Green?
- Each student has a beautiful picture.
- 复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。
- Those young men are teachers, not students.
- 物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。
- Snow is white.
- 抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。
- Dose she like music?
- 在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。
- play basketball / soccer / chess
- 在三餐前不用冠词。
- have breakfast / lunch / supper / dinner
- 在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。
- Tom, China, Tiananmen Square, Beijing, NewYear’s Day, Tuesday, January
- 在学科和节目名词前不用冠词。
- My favorite is English.
- 在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。
- at noon, at work, at home
- by bus, by air, on foot
- from morning till night, at night
- go to school, go to bed, at last
3.6 定冠词的用法
- 表示上文中所提到过的人或物。
- I have two children, a boy and a girl. The boy’s name is Mark. The girl’s name is Penny.
- 特指某（些）人或物
- The girl in a red dress comes from America.
- 指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。
- My shoes are under the bed.
- 用在形容词最高级和部分比较级前。
- Tom is the taller of the two boys.
- 用在序数词前。
- Monday is the second day of a week.
- 用在世界上独一无二的事物前（如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等）。
- The moon moves round the earth.
- 用在某些形容词前，表示一类人或物。
- the rich, the poor
- the deaf, the blind
- the dead, the wounded
- 用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。
- The Greens are having dinner at home.
- 用在乐器前。
- play the piano, guitar, violin, drums.
- 用于逢“十”的复数数词前，指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。
- In the 1970s, a highway was built to link up the city with my hometown.
- I think he is in the thirties.
- same之前一般用the。
- Lucy and Lily look the same.
- 用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。
- the United Nations, the Great Wall
- the Summer Palace, the Palace Museum
- in the end, make the bed, at the end of
- in the middle of, all the time
- in the east, by the way, on the way to
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