词法｜02 动词

2.1 动词的分类

1. 及物动词：可直接加名词
   • All students wear the school uniforms.
   • I reached Beijing yesterday.
2. 不及物动词：+介词，接名词
   • We will go.
   • I arrived in Beijing yesterday.
3. 系动词
   • be动词
     • Tom is an American.
     • He is excited.
   • 感官动词feel, smell, sound, look, taste
     • It sounds good.
     • Your mother looks very young.
   • 持续不变类keep, stay
     • The students always keep their desks clean.
     • We should stay cool under this situation.
4. 助动词：后接动词原形或者分词，本身无实在意义，只起到语法作用。
   • Do you like me?
   • Tom has gone to America.
   • I am looking at you.
5. 情态动词：后接动词原形。
   • You should listen to the English class carefully.
   • I must catch that bus.

2.2 实义动词

[!NOTE] 实义动词（notional verb） #实义动词
实义动词的特点：
1）从词义角度看，实义动词具备完整的词汇意义；
2）从在谓语中的作用角度来看，实义动词能单独充当句子谓语。
英语中除了助动词和情态动词以外，其他动词均为实义动词。

2.3 助动词

[!NOTE] 助动词（auxiliary verb） #助动词
助动词的特点：
1）从词义角度看，助动词不具备词汇意义；
2）从在谓语中的作用角度来看，助动词不能单独充当句子谓语，它必须和实义动词连用，以构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问等。

be	am, is, are, was, were, been, being
do	does, did
have	has, had, having

助动词	变化形式	功能	例句
be	am is are was were	帮助构成进行时态 帮助构成被动语态	I am studying grammar. I was cheated.
do	does did	帮助实义动词构成否定 帮助实义动词构成疑问	I do not like English. Do you like English?
have	has had	帮助构成完成时态	I have studied English for 3 years.

注意：be, have, do既可作实义动词，也可作助动词。

	例句	词义	词性及作用
be	I am a student.	“是”	系动词，用作句子谓语。
	I am studying grammar.	无词义	助动词，帮助构成进行时态。
have	I have two brothers.	“有”	实义动词，用作谓语。
	I have studied English for 3 years.	无词义	助动词，帮助构成完成时态。
do	I often do my homework at home.	“做”	实义动词，用作谓语。
	I do not like English.	无词义	助动词，帮助构成句子否定。

2.4 情态动词

[!NOTE] 情态动词（modal verb） #情态动词
情态动词的特点：
1）从词义角度看，情态动词有别于助动词。情态动词有其自身的词汇意义，如用了表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、允许、能力、怀疑等等，以表示说话者对某种行为或状态等看法或态度；
2）从在谓语中的作用角度来看，与助动词一样，情态动词不能单独充当句子谓语，必须和实义动词一起构成复合谓语。

常见的情态动词有

can/could	may/might	must	shall/should	will/would
have to	ought to	used to	need	dare

2.5 动词的词形变化

1. 第三人称单数词形变化
   规则变化：

原形动词结尾情况	现在时单三人称
一般情况	+s
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾	+es
辅音字母+y结尾	y-i, +es
不规则变化：
have-has；be-is

2.现在分词词形变化

原形动词结尾情况	现在分词
一般情况	+ing
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾	+ing
辅音字母+y结尾	+ing
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾	双写辅音字母，+ing
不发音的e结尾	去掉e, +ing
ie结尾	ie-y,+ing

3.过去式和过去分词词形变化不规则变化的动词：见书后目录表

3.过去式和过去分词词形变化

原形动词结尾情况	过去式和过去分词
一般情况	+ed
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾	+ed
辅音字母+y结尾	y-i,+ed
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾	双写辅音字母，+ed
不发音的e结尾	+d

2.6 动词的语态

1. 动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
   • He wrote a novel. (主语he是动作wrote的执行者，是主动语态。)
   • The classroom was cleaned by him yesterday.(主语the classroom是动作的承受者，是被动语态。)
   • 判断主被动语态：
     • The white cat caught a mouse.【主动】
     • The white cat was washed in a pet shop.【被动】
2. 被动语态的结构：主语+助动词be+动词的过去分词（+by动作的执行者）。被动语态的时态是通过组动词be来表达：
   1. 一般现在时
      • You are required to do this.
   2. 一般过去时
      • The story was told by her.
   3. 一般将来时
      • The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
   4. 现在进行时
      • The road is being widened.
   5. 过去进行时
      • The new tool was being made.
   6. 现在完成时
      • The novel has been read.
   7. 过去完成时
      • He said that the work had been finished.
   8. 过去将来时
      • He said that the trees would be planted soon.
3. 被动语态的用法：
   1. 不知道谁时动作的执行者。
      • This window was broken yesterday.
   2. 不想说或者众所周知是谁做的。
      • Rice is also grown in this area.
   3. 强调动作的承受者，把动作执行者用by连接在句尾。
      • The book was written by Lu Xun.
      • Three ice creams were eaten by me.

主、被动语态转换规则：

主动语态：

• My mother sent me to school in the morning.
  被动语态：
• I was sent to school by my mother in the morning.

1. “主谓+双宾语”结构转被动时，可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。
   • Tom’s teacher gave him a watch.
   • Tom was given a watch by his teacher.
     也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语，但要注意使用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。

• Tom‘s teacher gave him a watch.
• A watch was given to Tom by his teacher.

1. “动词+宾语+动词原形”的句子结构转换被动语态时，动词原形前要加to。
   • The boss made these workers work 16 hours a day.
   • These workers were made to work 16 hours a day.
   • I saw Tom play football last week.
   • Tom was seen to play football last week.
2. “动词+介词”结构转换被动时，介词后的宾语放到主语位置后，介词一般在原位不动。
   • Tom takes good care of his little sister.
   • Tom’s little sister is taken good care of by him.
   • We pay attention to this serious problem.
   • This serious problem is paid attention to by us.

2.7 情态动词

1. can和could
   • 表示具有某种能力，意为“能、能够、会”（could表过去）
     • I can sing English songs.
     • Lisa can’t speak Japanese.
     • She could swim when she was four years old.
   • 表示许可、允许，意为“可以”
     • Can we watch TV now?
     • You can’t play computer games in the morning.
   • 表示请求某人做某事，意为“能，能够”（用could使语气更委婉）
     • Can/could you help me, please?
   • 表示推测“可能”，一般多用于否定句和疑问句中。（表肯定推测可用must，may，might）
     • It can’t be true.
     • Where can he have gone?
     • Who can it be?
2. may和might
   • 表示许可、允许，意为“可以”，比can更正式。
     • May I use your pen?
     • May I ask you a question?
     • 注意：做肯定回答时用Certainly或者Yes, you may；做否定回答时用No，you mustn’t / can’t。
   • 表示推测“可能”，通常用于肯定句和否定句，不能用于疑问句。
     • He may be at home now.
     • She may not be there today.
3. must
   • 表示“必须”的意思。否定形式时mustn’t，表示禁止之意。
     • We must be careful when we cross the road.
     • 注意：此时当用must提问，肯定回答用must，否定回答应该用needn’t。
     • Must I clean my bedroom?
     • Yes, you must.
     • No, you needn’t.
   • 表示猜测的时候，是“一定”的意思。否定形式是can’t。
     • I know him well. It must be Jack.
     • Tom has gone to America, so that boy can’t be Tom.
4. can和be able to的区别
   • 两者都可以用来表示能力。
     • I can/am able to mend the bike.
   • can只有现在时（can）和过去时（could），而be able to可用于多种时态。
     • I will be able to come back in another few months .
     • He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.
   • can可以表示推测，但be able to 不能。
     • That can’t be Tom’s dictionary.
   • can与be able to不能重复使用。
     • 他能做好这件事
     • 【错】He can be able to do is well.
     • He can do it well.
     • He is able to do it well.
5. must和have to的区别
   • 主客观方面不同。
     • must表“义务”或“强制”，表示主观的必要；在肯定句中must还可表推测，语气要比may肯定多。
     • have to表“必须”或“不得不”，表示客观的必要.
     • We must clean the room.
     • We have to clean the room.
     • He must be at home before supper.
   • 人称和时态不同
     • must无人称和时态的变化，一律用must+动词原形。
     • have to后接动词原形，有人称、数和时态的变化，另外，have to还可与情态动词和助动词连用
     • Tom must practice his guitar every day.
     • Tom has to go back home before 10 o’clock in the evening.
     • The train has left. We’ll have to wait for the next train.
   • 否定式及意义不同
     • must not = mustn’t “决不可/禁止”
     • don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+have to “不必“
     • We mustn’t play a joke on him.
     • We don’t have to play a joke on him.
   • 疑问式及回答不同
     • must+主语+动词原形+···？
     • Yes，主语+must./ No，主语+needn’t
     • 助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+···？
     • Yes，主语+助动词。/ No，主语+助动词+not。
     • Must I go now? Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t
     • Does she have to go to the doctor?
     • Yes, She does. / No, she doesn’t.
6. will
   • 表示意愿、决定，用于各种人称。
     • I will try my best to help you.
   • 用于第二人称表示询问、请求。
     • Will you fetch that book for me?
7. would
   • 表示过去的意愿、决定。
     • She would buy a book to learn English.
   • 也可以表达说话人向对方提出的要求，语气比“will”委婉、客气，此时表示现在情况。
     • Would you tell me the way to museum?
     • 【思考】I would like (to)
8. shall
   • 用在第一人称表示征求意见或者询问。
     • Shall I open the window?
     • Shall we have dinner there?
   • 在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后表示“命令、警告、允诺”。
     • You shall bring your won book next time.
     • He shall accept the punishment.
9. should (be supposed to do)
   • 可表示“劝告、建议”等意思
     • You should speak to the old politely.
     • We should take action to protect the environment.
10. had better
    • 意思是“最好···”，一般也当做情态动词使用，否定形式是had better not (do)。
      • We had better keep quiet in class.
      • We’d better not play computer games too often.
11. need
    • 作为情态动词时，后面接动词原形，并且用need提问时，肯定句回答用must，否定用need’t。
      • I need have a try.
      • —Need I finish the work today?
      • —Yes, you must.
      • —No, you needn’t.
    • 作为实义动词，后接名词或者to do。
      • Tom needs your help.
      • Tom needs to clean the windows.
    • need+doing结构表示被动，相当于need to be done的表达。
      • The bike needs repairing.
      • 【等于】The bike needs to be repaired.
    • needn’t have done 结构表示没必要做某事但是做了。
      • I actually needn’t have bought so many shoes.
12. dare
    • 意思为“敢”，作为情态动词后接动词原形。
      • How dare you speak to me like that?
      • Try it if you dare.
    • 作为实义动词后接to do。
      • Tom doesn’t dare to raise any questions in class.
13. ought to
    • 表示职责、义务或者要求该做的事儿。
      • Human beings ought to stop polluting nature.
    • ought to/should have done 结构表示本应该做而没有做。
      • You ought to/should have arrived ten minutes earlier.